Evaluation of Terminalia Chebula Retz. Extract as a Natural Preservative for Cosmetic Products
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Terminalia chebula Retz. fruit extract as a natural preservative in topical cream formulation. The antimicrobial activity of T. chebula Retz. extract against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans was determined by agar well diffusion assay and broth microdilution assay. The result showed that T. chebula Retz. extract exhibited a strong antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. The minimal concentration of extract inhibited 50% of microbial growth (MIC50) were 0.22±0.05 to 0.68± 0.11 mg/ml. This extract could kill these microorganisms as shown with minimal bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) of 5-20 mg/ml. After that, T. chebula Retz. extract used as a preservative in topical cream was evaluated the antimicrobial effectiveness by challenge test method according to a criteria A of ISO 11930. Results showed that criteria A for bacterial inhibitory activity of T. chebula Retz. extract was fulfilled for preservative in cosmetic formulation but fungal inhibitory activity of this extract was below the acceptance value of criteria A. This study exhibited that T. chebula Retz. extract acts as a natural preservative for bacterial inhibition, or will be applied in combined with synthetic preservatives in cosmetic products. Keywords : Terminalia chebula Retz. ; natural preservativeReferences
Bag, A., Bhattacharyya, S.K., Bharati, P., Pal, N.K. & Chattopadhyay, R.R. (2009). Evaluation of antibacterial properties of Chebulic myrobalan (fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz.) extracts against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli. African Journal of Plant Science, 3(2), 025-029.
Bag, A., Bhattacharyya, S.K., & Chattopadhyay, R.R. (2013). The development of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) in clinical research. Asian Pacific Journal Tropical Biomedicine, 3 (3), 244-252.
Bag, A., Bhattacharyya, S.K., Pal, N.K., & Chattopadhyay, R.R. (2012). In vitro antimicrobial potential of Terminalia chebula fruit extracts against multidrug-resistant uropathogens. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(3), S1883-S1887.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2008). Reference Method For Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Of Yeasts; Approved Standard-Third Edition. M27-A3. CLSI. Wayne, PA, USA.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2008). Reference Method For Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi; Approved Standard-Second Edition. M38-A2. CLSI. Wayne, PA, USA.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2009). Antifungal disc Diffusion Susceptibility testing of Yeast; Approved Standard— Second Edition. M44-A2. Wayne, PA, USA.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2012). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard—Eleventh Edition. M02-A11. CLSI. Wayne, PA, USA.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2015). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard— Tenth Edition. M07-A10. Wayne, PA, USA.
Dréno, B., Zuberbier, T., Gelmetti, C., Gontijo, G. & Marinovich, M. (2019). Safety review of phenoxyethanol when used as a preservative in cosmetics. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 7, 15-24.
González-Muñoz, P., Conde-Salazar, L. & Vañó-Galván, S. (2014). Allergic contact dermatitis caused by cosmetic products. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas, 105(9), 822-832.
Halla, N., Fernandes, I.P., Heleno, S.A., Costa, P., Boucherit-Otmani, Z., Boucherit, K., Rodrigues, A.E., Ferrira, ICFR, & Barreiro, M.F. (2018). Cosmetics Preservation: A Review on Present Strategies. Molecules, 23(7), 1571.
Herman, A. (2019). Antimicrobial ingredients as preservative booster and components of self-preserving cosmetic products. Current Microbiology, 76, 744-754.
Herman, A., Herman, A.P., Domagalska, B.W., & Mlynarczyk, A. (2013). Essential oil and herbal extracts as antimicrobial agents in cosmetic emulsion. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 53(2), 232-237.
Hughes, O.B., Maderal, A.D. & Tosti, A. (2016). Preservative sensitization- safety with and safety without. Current Treatment Options in Allergy, 3, 345-358.
ISO 11930:2019 Cosmetics — Microbiology — Evaluation of the antimicrobial protection of a cosmetic product.
Kannan, P., Ramadeve, S.R. & Hopper, W. (2009). Antibacterial activity of Terminalia chebula fruit extract. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 3(4), 180-184.
Kunicka-Styczynska, A., Sikora, M. & Kalemba, D. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of lavender, tea tree and lemon oils in cosmetic preservative systems. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 107, 1903–1911.
Maccioni, A.M., Anchisi, C., Sanna, A., Sardu, C. & Dessi, S. (2002). Preservative systems containing essential oils in cosmetic products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 24, 53-59.
Maurício, E., Rosado, C., Duarte, M.P., Verissimo, J., Bom, S. & Vasconcelos, L. (2017). Efficiency of Nisin as Preservative in Cosmetics and Topical Products, Cosmetics, 4, 41.
Mehmood, Z., Ahmad, I., Mohammad, F. & Ahmad, S. (1999). Indian Medicinal Plants: A Potential Sources for Anticandidal Drugs. Pharmaceutical Biology, 37(3), 237-242.
Miklasińska-Majdanik, M., Kępa, M., Wojtyczka, R.D., Idzik, D. & Wąsik, T.J. (2018). Phenolic Compounds Diminish Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Strains. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15(10), 2321.
Nabavi, S.F., Lorenzo, A.D., Izadi, M., Sobarzo-Sánchez, E., Daglia, M. & Nabavi, S.M. (2015). Antibacterial Effects of Cinnamon: From Farm to Food, Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Industries. Nutrients, 7(9), 7729-7748.
Nigam, M., Mishra, A.P., Adhikari-Devkota, A., Dirar, A.I., Hassan, M., Adhikari, A., Belwa, T. & Devkota, H.P. (2020). Fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz.: A review on traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. Phytotherapy Research, 34, 2518–2533.
Nostro, A., Cannatelli, M.A., Morelli, I., Musolino, A.D., Scuderi, F., Pizzimenti, F. & Alonzo, V. (2004). Efficiency of Calamintha officinalis essential oil as preservative in two topical product types. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 97(2), 395-401.
Orús, P., Gomez-Perez, L., Leranoz, S. & Berlanga, M. (2015) Increasing antibiotic resistance in preservative-tolerant bacterial strains isolated from cosmetic products. International Microbiology, 18, 51–59.
Ostrosky, E.A., Marcondes, E.M., Nishikawa Sde, O., Lopes, P.S., Varca, G.H., Pinto Tde, J….Kaneko, T.M. (2011). Rubus rosaefolius extract as a natural preservative candidate in topical formulations. American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, 12, 732-727.
Papageorgiou, S., Varvaresou, A., Tsirivas, E. & Demetzos, C. (2010). New alternatives to cosmetics preservation. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 61, 107–123.
Perkins, M.A., Osborne, R., Rana, F.R., Ghassesmi, A. & Robinson, M.K. (1999). Comparison of in Vitro and in Vivo Human Skin Responses to Consumer Products and Ingredients with a Range of Irritancy Potential. Toxicological Science, 48, 218-229.
Phetdee, K., Rakchai, R., Rattanamanee, K., Teaktong, T. & Viyoch, J. (2014). Preventive effects of tamarind seed coat extract on UVA-induced alterations in human skin fibroblasts. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 65, 11–24.
Popescu, C., Popescu, C., Popescu, B., Daas, D., Morgovan, C. & Olah, N.K. (2014). Antimicrobial efficacy of the organic greasy oils combination-sea buckthorn oil and maize germs oil. Farmacia, 62, 743–752.
Pourmorad, F., Hosseinimehr, S.J. & Shahabimaid, N. (2006). Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(11), 1142-1145.
Sasseville, D. (2004). Hypersensitivity to preservatives. Dermathologic therapy, 17(3), 251-263.
Puschmann, J., Herbig, M.E., Müller-Goymann, C.C. (2018). Correlation of antimicrobial effects of phenoxyethanol with its free concentration in the water phase of o/w-emulsion gels. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 131, 152-161.
Vichai, V. & Kirtikara, K. (2006). Sulforhodomine B colorimetric ossoy for cytotoxicity screening. Noture Protocols,1(3), 1112-1116.
Varvaresou, A., Papageorgiou, S., Tsirivas, E., Protopapa, E., Kintziou, H., Kefala, V. & Demetzos, C. (2009). Self‐preserving cosmetics. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 31(3), 163-175.
Yim, E., Baquerizo Nole, K.L. & Tosti, A. (2014). Contact dermatitis caused by preservatives. Dermatitis, 25(5), 215-231.
Bag, A., Bhattacharyya, S.K., & Chattopadhyay, R.R. (2013). The development of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) in clinical research. Asian Pacific Journal Tropical Biomedicine, 3 (3), 244-252.
Bag, A., Bhattacharyya, S.K., Pal, N.K., & Chattopadhyay, R.R. (2012). In vitro antimicrobial potential of Terminalia chebula fruit extracts against multidrug-resistant uropathogens. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(3), S1883-S1887.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2008). Reference Method For Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Of Yeasts; Approved Standard-Third Edition. M27-A3. CLSI. Wayne, PA, USA.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2008). Reference Method For Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi; Approved Standard-Second Edition. M38-A2. CLSI. Wayne, PA, USA.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2009). Antifungal disc Diffusion Susceptibility testing of Yeast; Approved Standard— Second Edition. M44-A2. Wayne, PA, USA.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2012). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard—Eleventh Edition. M02-A11. CLSI. Wayne, PA, USA.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2015). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard— Tenth Edition. M07-A10. Wayne, PA, USA.
Dréno, B., Zuberbier, T., Gelmetti, C., Gontijo, G. & Marinovich, M. (2019). Safety review of phenoxyethanol when used as a preservative in cosmetics. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 7, 15-24.
González-Muñoz, P., Conde-Salazar, L. & Vañó-Galván, S. (2014). Allergic contact dermatitis caused by cosmetic products. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas, 105(9), 822-832.
Halla, N., Fernandes, I.P., Heleno, S.A., Costa, P., Boucherit-Otmani, Z., Boucherit, K., Rodrigues, A.E., Ferrira, ICFR, & Barreiro, M.F. (2018). Cosmetics Preservation: A Review on Present Strategies. Molecules, 23(7), 1571.
Herman, A. (2019). Antimicrobial ingredients as preservative booster and components of self-preserving cosmetic products. Current Microbiology, 76, 744-754.
Herman, A., Herman, A.P., Domagalska, B.W., & Mlynarczyk, A. (2013). Essential oil and herbal extracts as antimicrobial agents in cosmetic emulsion. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 53(2), 232-237.
Hughes, O.B., Maderal, A.D. & Tosti, A. (2016). Preservative sensitization- safety with and safety without. Current Treatment Options in Allergy, 3, 345-358.
ISO 11930:2019 Cosmetics — Microbiology — Evaluation of the antimicrobial protection of a cosmetic product.
Kannan, P., Ramadeve, S.R. & Hopper, W. (2009). Antibacterial activity of Terminalia chebula fruit extract. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 3(4), 180-184.
Kunicka-Styczynska, A., Sikora, M. & Kalemba, D. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of lavender, tea tree and lemon oils in cosmetic preservative systems. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 107, 1903–1911.
Maccioni, A.M., Anchisi, C., Sanna, A., Sardu, C. & Dessi, S. (2002). Preservative systems containing essential oils in cosmetic products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 24, 53-59.
Maurício, E., Rosado, C., Duarte, M.P., Verissimo, J., Bom, S. & Vasconcelos, L. (2017). Efficiency of Nisin as Preservative in Cosmetics and Topical Products, Cosmetics, 4, 41.
Mehmood, Z., Ahmad, I., Mohammad, F. & Ahmad, S. (1999). Indian Medicinal Plants: A Potential Sources for Anticandidal Drugs. Pharmaceutical Biology, 37(3), 237-242.
Miklasińska-Majdanik, M., Kępa, M., Wojtyczka, R.D., Idzik, D. & Wąsik, T.J. (2018). Phenolic Compounds Diminish Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Strains. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15(10), 2321.
Nabavi, S.F., Lorenzo, A.D., Izadi, M., Sobarzo-Sánchez, E., Daglia, M. & Nabavi, S.M. (2015). Antibacterial Effects of Cinnamon: From Farm to Food, Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Industries. Nutrients, 7(9), 7729-7748.
Nigam, M., Mishra, A.P., Adhikari-Devkota, A., Dirar, A.I., Hassan, M., Adhikari, A., Belwa, T. & Devkota, H.P. (2020). Fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz.: A review on traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. Phytotherapy Research, 34, 2518–2533.
Nostro, A., Cannatelli, M.A., Morelli, I., Musolino, A.D., Scuderi, F., Pizzimenti, F. & Alonzo, V. (2004). Efficiency of Calamintha officinalis essential oil as preservative in two topical product types. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 97(2), 395-401.
Orús, P., Gomez-Perez, L., Leranoz, S. & Berlanga, M. (2015) Increasing antibiotic resistance in preservative-tolerant bacterial strains isolated from cosmetic products. International Microbiology, 18, 51–59.
Ostrosky, E.A., Marcondes, E.M., Nishikawa Sde, O., Lopes, P.S., Varca, G.H., Pinto Tde, J….Kaneko, T.M. (2011). Rubus rosaefolius extract as a natural preservative candidate in topical formulations. American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, 12, 732-727.
Papageorgiou, S., Varvaresou, A., Tsirivas, E. & Demetzos, C. (2010). New alternatives to cosmetics preservation. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 61, 107–123.
Perkins, M.A., Osborne, R., Rana, F.R., Ghassesmi, A. & Robinson, M.K. (1999). Comparison of in Vitro and in Vivo Human Skin Responses to Consumer Products and Ingredients with a Range of Irritancy Potential. Toxicological Science, 48, 218-229.
Phetdee, K., Rakchai, R., Rattanamanee, K., Teaktong, T. & Viyoch, J. (2014). Preventive effects of tamarind seed coat extract on UVA-induced alterations in human skin fibroblasts. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 65, 11–24.
Popescu, C., Popescu, C., Popescu, B., Daas, D., Morgovan, C. & Olah, N.K. (2014). Antimicrobial efficacy of the organic greasy oils combination-sea buckthorn oil and maize germs oil. Farmacia, 62, 743–752.
Pourmorad, F., Hosseinimehr, S.J. & Shahabimaid, N. (2006). Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(11), 1142-1145.
Sasseville, D. (2004). Hypersensitivity to preservatives. Dermathologic therapy, 17(3), 251-263.
Puschmann, J., Herbig, M.E., Müller-Goymann, C.C. (2018). Correlation of antimicrobial effects of phenoxyethanol with its free concentration in the water phase of o/w-emulsion gels. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 131, 152-161.
Vichai, V. & Kirtikara, K. (2006). Sulforhodomine B colorimetric ossoy for cytotoxicity screening. Noture Protocols,1(3), 1112-1116.
Varvaresou, A., Papageorgiou, S., Tsirivas, E., Protopapa, E., Kintziou, H., Kefala, V. & Demetzos, C. (2009). Self‐preserving cosmetics. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 31(3), 163-175.
Yim, E., Baquerizo Nole, K.L. & Tosti, A. (2014). Contact dermatitis caused by preservatives. Dermatitis, 25(5), 215-231.
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2022-01-24
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