The Impact of Water Discharge from Tourism Sites on Water Quality: Case Study of Koh Lanta Yai, Krabi Province
Abstract
Marine tourism is one of the activities that are important to the economy of Thailand. Koh Lanta, Krabi province is one of the marine attractions that are becoming popular with tourists. In which the consequences are increasing the amount of solid waste and water discharge from consumption of touristic activities. The release of effluent plume into the sea, which may affect the environment. In this study, water samples were collected from 5 stations as Saladan community, Klong-Daw beach, Pra-Ae beach, Klong-Nin beach, and Bakantieng beach, which found the discharge of wastewater into the water bodies. By collecting samples from canals on the banks and in the sea at the distance of 5, 10 and 15 meters from high tide level, respectively, during the low and peak of tourist season in 2017 – 2018 to study physical, chemical, and biological water quality. The study found that the discharge of wastewater from tourist sites into the sea does not affect the quality of the seawater in physical and chemical parameters but affect the biological parameter as total coliform bacteria at Saladan community exceeded the standard level. However, the amount of dissolved oxygen, phosphate-phosphorus and ammonia-nitrogen should be a parameter to be monitored because it exceeds the standards level at polluting sites and on the beach that connect to the sea. But when it flows into the sea, it still does not exceed the standard level because it was diluted by seawater. In which, if there is an additional discharge of effluent in the future, it could have an impact on the water quality of the coastal area especially stations Saladan communities, Klong Dao beach and Ba Kan Tiang beach. Keywords : Koh Lanta-Yai ; water quality ; water discharge ; tourism ; KrabiReferences
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coastal waters and reef communities in southern Thailand. Marine environmental research, 69(5),
287-296.
Reopanichkul, P., Schlacher, T. A., Carter, R. W., & Worachananant, S. (2009). Sewage impacts coral reefs at
multiple levels of ecological organization. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58(9), 1356-1362.
Smith, N. P. (2002). Observations and simulations of water-sediment heat exchange in a shallow coastal lagoon.
Estuaries, 25(3), 483-487.
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ocean. Earth, Planets and Space, 69(1), 156.
Vasiliki Maipa, Y. A. E. B. (2001). Seasonal fluctuation of bacterial indicators in coastal waters. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 13(3), 143-146.
Vijay, R., Mardikar, T., & Kumar, R. (2016). Impact of sewage discharges on coastal water quality of Mumbai, India: present and future scenarios. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(7), 1-13.
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September 28, 2020, from https://workpointtoday.com/ชาวเกาะลันตาโวย-น้ำเสีย/ (in Thai).
water outfall off Kochi, west coast of India. Environment International, 32(2), 165-173.
Bilotta, G. S., & Brazier, R. E. (2008). Understanding the influence of suspended solids on water quality and aquatic biota. Water Research, 42(12), 2849-2861.
Colclasure, V. J., Soderquist, T. J., Lynch, T., Schubert, N., McCormick, D. S., Urrutia, E., & Kavouras, J. H. (2015). Coliform bacteria, fabrics, and the environment. American journal of infection control,
43(2), 154-158.
Dávila, P. M., Figueroa, D., & Müller, E. (2002). Freshwater input into the coastal ocean and its relation with the
salinity distribution off austral Chile (35–55°S). Continental Shelf Research, 22(3), 521-534.
Davino, A. M. C., Melo, M. B. d., & Caffaro Filho, R. A. (2015). Assessing the sources of high fecal coliform levels at an urban tropical beach. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 46, 1019-1026.
Dvarskas, A. (2017). Dynamically linking economic models to ecological condition for coastal zone management:
Application to sustainable tourism planning. Journal of Environmental Management, 188, 163-172.
El Sayed, M. A. (2002). Distribution and behavior of dissolved species of nitrogen and phosphorus in two coastal
Red Sea lagoons receiving domestic sewage. Journal of King Abdulaziz University : Marine Sciences, 13, 47-73.
El Sayed, M. A., Al Farawati, R. K., El Maradny, A. A., Shaban, Y. A., & Rifaat, A. E. (2015). Environmental status
and nutrients and dissolved organic carbon budget of two Saudi Arabian Red Sea coastal inlets: a
snapshot statement. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74(12), 7755-7767.
Emphandhu, D., Pongsakornrungsilp, P., & Arunpraparat, W. (2019). Determination of tourism carrying capacity of enhancing tourism destination management standard at Mu Koh Lanta, Krabi Province. Retrieved
September 28, 2020, from http://elibrary.trf.or.th/project_content.asp?PJID=RDG60T0029.
Gao, X., Chen, N., Yu, D., Wu, Y., & Huang, B. (2018). Hydrological controls on nitrogen (ammonium versus nitrate) fluxes from river to coast in a subtropical region: Observation and modeling. Journal of Environmental Management, 213, 382-391.
Gedik, S., & Mugan Ertugral, S. (2019). The effects of marine tourism on water pollution. Fresenius Environmental
Bulletin, 28, 863-866.
Hernández-Terrones, L. M., Null, K. A., Ortega-Camacho, D., & Paytan, A. (2015). Water quality assessment in the
Mexican Caribbean: Impacts on the coastal ecosystem. Continental Shelf Research, 102, 62-72.
Katsaros, K., & Buettner, K. J. K. (1969). Influence of Rainfall on Temperature and Salinity of the Ocean Surface.
Journal of Applied Meteorology, 8(1), 15-18.
Krabilocalnews. (2018). Wastewater Flowing into the Sea in Ba Kan Tieng Beach on Koh Lanta, the World's Tenth Place to Visit. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from http://www.krabilocalnews.com/kkoaaw1235566/
Langland, M. J., & Cronin, T. M. (2003). A summary report of sediment processes in Chesapeake Bay and
watershed (2003-4123). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri
034123.
Miller, R. L., Bradford, W. L., & Peters, N. E. (1998). Specific conductance: theoretical considerations and
application to analytical quality control (Vol. 142): US Government Printing Office.
Ministry of Tourism and Sports. (2020). Tourism statistics 2018-2019. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from
https://www.mots.go.th/more_news_new.php?cid=411 (in Thai).
Morgan, M., & Chompreeda, K. (2015). The Relative Effect of Message-Based Appeals to Promote Water
Conservation at a Tourist Resort in the Gulf of Thailand. Environmental Communication, 9(1), 20-36.
Noble, R. T., Moore, D. F., Leecaster, M. K., McGee, C. D., & Weisberg, S. B. (2003). Comparison of total coliform,
fecal coliform, and enterococcus bacterial indicator response for ocean recreational water quality testing.
Water Research, 37(7), 1637-1643.
Peng, M., & Oleson, K. L. L. (2017). Beach Recreationalists' Willingness to Pay and Economic Implications of
Coastal Water Quality Problems in Hawaii. Ecological Economics, 136, 41-52.
Pollution Control Department (2006) Notification of the National Environment Board 27 edition Terms of sea water
quality standards B.E.2549, 124 C.F.R. (2006). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from http://infofile.pcd
.go.th/law/3_52_water.pdf?CFID=1141603&CFTOKEN=75156830 (in Thai)
Pongsakornrungsilp, P., & Pongsakornrungsilp, S. (2018). The Relationship Between Tourist Value and
Psychological Carrying Capacity at Koh Lanta, Krabi, Thailand. Global Fashion Management Conference, 2018, 596-596.
Preethi, B., Mujumdar, M., Kripalani, R. H., Prabhu, A., & Krishnan, R. (2017). Recent trends and tele-connections
among South and East Asian summer monsoons in a warming environment. Climate Dynamics, 48(7),
2489-2505.
Rai, A. K., Paul, B., & Singh, G. (2011). Effect of waste disposal on water quality of river Harmu in Ranchi city,
Jharkhand. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 31, 758-763.
Reopanichkul, P. (2009). The Effect of Tourism on Water Quality and Coral Reef Communities. (Doctoral
dissertation). Queensland. University of the Sunshine Coast.
Reopanichkul, P., Carter, R. W., Worachananant, S., & Crossland, C. J. (2010). Wastewater discharge degrades
coastal waters and reef communities in southern Thailand. Marine environmental research, 69(5),
287-296.
Reopanichkul, P., Schlacher, T. A., Carter, R. W., & Worachananant, S. (2009). Sewage impacts coral reefs at
multiple levels of ecological organization. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58(9), 1356-1362.
Smith, N. P. (2002). Observations and simulations of water-sediment heat exchange in a shallow coastal lagoon.
Estuaries, 25(3), 483-487.
Thairath online. (2018). It's over! Bakanteng Beach Sewage from Koh Lanta's Community Spilling into the sea.
Retrieved September 28, 2020, from https://www.thairath.co.th/news/local/south/1223930 (in Thai).
Tyler, R. H., Boyer, T. P., Minami, T., Zweng, M. M., & Reagan, J. R. (2017). Electrical conductivity of the global
ocean. Earth, Planets and Space, 69(1), 156.
Vasiliki Maipa, Y. A. E. B. (2001). Seasonal fluctuation of bacterial indicators in coastal waters. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 13(3), 143-146.
Vijay, R., Mardikar, T., & Kumar, R. (2016). Impact of sewage discharges on coastal water quality of Mumbai, India: present and future scenarios. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(7), 1-13.
Workpoint today (Producer). (2020). Koh Lanta residents cry,The water from the canal smelled terrible. Retrieved
September 28, 2020, from https://workpointtoday.com/ชาวเกาะลันตาโวย-น้ำเสีย/ (in Thai).
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2022-01-18
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