Synergistic Effect of Andrographis paniculata with Medicinal Plants to Inhibit the Growth of Opportunistic Bacteria
Abstract
The research was screening therapeutic potentials of plant extracts of Andrographis paniculata(Burm.f.) Wall.Ex Nees with eighteen medicinal plants. The results indicated that all medicinal plants had antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Staphylococcus aureus 25923 (MIC = 0.625-80 mg/mL). However, antibacterial activities of all medicinal plants were less than antibacterial activities of oxytetracycline and ampicillin. The synergism results of A. paniculata combined with several medicinal plants were revealed that A. paniculata, mixed with Momordica charantia, Bouea macrophylla or Tagetes erecta, showed the most effective synergy to inhibit the growth of tested bacteria. Moreover, the most antibacterial activities of therapeutic medicinal plants, mixed with A. paniculate were indicated against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 of which showed 100% susceptibility. Finally, A. paniculata mixed with P. betle, and A. paniculata mixed with C. sappan, shown the best synergy effect, were confirmed by Checkerboard assay. The synergistic results indicated that A. paniculata, mixed with P. betle showed the best synergistic effect against S. aureus ATCC 25923 of which FICIs was 0.5. However, there was an exceptionally antagonist of antibacterial activity when using A. paniculata mixed with C. sappan against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (FICI= 4.125). This research suggests that A. paniculate has synergy effect when mixed with P. betle against bacteria. Keywords : medicinal plants ; synergistic effect ; Andrographis paniculata ; opportunistic bacteriaReferences
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Gandhi, A.D., Vizhi, D.K., Lavanya, K., Kalpana, V.N., Rajeswari, V.D. & Babujanarthanam, R. (2017). In vitro anti- biofilm and anti-bacterial activity of Sesbania grandiflora extract against Staphylococcus aureus. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, 12, 193-197.
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Mickymarry, S. (2019). Efficacy and mechanism of traditional medicinal plants and bioactive compounds against clinically important pathogen. Antibiotics, 8(4), 257. doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040257.
Navaratnam, P. & Chung, L.Y. (2011). Synergistic antimicrobial activity between pentacyclic triterpenoids and antibiotics against Staphylococus aureus stains. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 10(25), 1-6.
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Sang-iamsuntorn, K., Suksatu, A., Pewkliang, Y., Thongsri, P., Kanjanasirirat, P., Manopwisedjaroen, S. & Hongeng, S. (2020). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of Andrographis paniculata extract and its major component Andrographolide in human lung epithelial cells and cytotoxicity evaluation in major organ cell representatives. Journal of Natural Products, 84(4), 1261-1270.
Schroeder, M., Brooks, B.D. & Brooks, A.E. (2017). The complex relationship between virulence and antibiotic resistance. Gene, 8(39), 3-23.
Selvam, G.G., Karthik, S., Mathivanan, K., Baskaran, R., Karthikeyan, M., Gopi, M., Govindasamy, C. & Srinivasan, R. (2012). In vitro antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia sappan L. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(1), s136-139.
Septama, A.W. & Panichayupakaranant, P. (2016). Synergistic effect of artocarpin on antibacterial activity of some antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Pharmaceutical Biology, 54(4), 686-91.
Subramani, R., Narayanasamy, M. & Feussner, K.D. (2017). Plant-derived antimicrobials to fight against multi-drug- resistant human pathogens, 7(3), 172. doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0848-9.
Wen, L., Xia, N., Chen, X., Li, Y., Hong, Y., Liu, Y. & Wang, Z. (2014). Activity of antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory in compounds andrographolide salt. European Journal of Pharmacology, 740, 421-427.
Zhang, L., Bao, M., Liu, B., Zhao, H., Zhang, Y., Ji, X., Zhao, N., Zhang, C., He, X., Yi, J., Tan, Y., Li, L. & Lu, C. (2020). Effect of Andrographolide and Its analogs on bacterial infection: A Review. Pharmacology, 105, 123–134. doi.org/10.1159/000503410.
Borges, A., Ferreira, C., Saavedra, M.J. & Simões, M. (2013). Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of Ferulic and Gallic Acids Against Pathogenic Bacteria. Microbial Drug Resistance, 19(4), doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2012.0244.
Chung, P.Y., Navaratnam, P. & Chung, L.Y. (2011). Synergistic antimicrobial activity between pentacyclic triterpenoids and antibiotics against Staphylococus aureus stains. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 10(25), 1-6.
Cheesman, M.J., Ilanko, A., Blonk, B. & Cock, I.E. (2017). Developing new antimicrobial therapies: are synergistic combinations of plant extracts/compounds with conventional antibiotics the solution? Pharmacognosy Reviews, 11(22), 57-72.
CLSI. (2017). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 27th ed. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2017.
Enmozhi, S. K., Raja, K., Sebastine, I. & Josephc, J. (2020). Andrographolide as a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease: an in-silico approach. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. doi.org/ 10.1080/07391102.2020.1760136.
Eumkeb, G. & Chukrathok S. (2013). Synergistic activity and mechanism of action of ceftazidine and apigenin combination against ceftazidine-resistant Enterobacter cloacae. Pytomedidcine 20, 262–269.
Gandhi, A.D., Vizhi, D.K., Lavanya, K., Kalpana, V.N., Rajeswari, V.D. & Babujanarthanam, R. (2017). In vitro anti- biofilm and anti-bacterial activity of Sesbania grandiflora extract against Staphylococcus aureus. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, 12, 193-197.
Gupta, P.D. & Birdi, T.J. (2017). Development of botanicals to combat antibiotic resistance. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 8(4), 266-275.
Hoque, M.M., Rattila, S., Shishir, M.A., Bari, M., Inatsu, Y. & Kawamoto, S. (2011). Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of betel leaf (Piper betle L.) against some food borne pathogens. Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology, 28(2), 58-63.
Hossain, S. et al. (2021). Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees: An Updated Review of Phytochemistry, Antimicrobial Pharmacology, and Clinical Safety and Efficacy. Life (Basel), 11(4), 348.
doi.org/10.3390/life11040348.
Jayakumar, J., Hsieh, C.Y., Lee, J.J. & Sheu, J.R. (2013). Experimental and clinical pharmacology of Andrographis paniculata and its major bioactive phytoconstituent andrographolide. Evidence Based Complement Alternative Medicine, 846740. doi.org/10.1155/2013/846740.
Kaveti, B., Tan, L., Sarnnia, Kuan, T.S. & Baig, S. (2011). Antibacterial Activity of Piper betel Leaves. International Journal of Pharmacy Teaching & Practices, 2(3), 129-132.
Madhubala, S., Poongothai. M. & Kumar, M.E. (2018). Antibacterial and anti-acne activity of Caesalpinia sappan L. and Cinnamomum verum J. Presl - A comparison. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences, 5(4), 118-122.
Manna, S., Baindara, P. & Mandal, S.M. (2020). Molecular pathogenesis of secondary bacterial infection associated to viral infections including SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 13(10), 1397-1404.
Medical Device Control Division. (2013). Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Thailand Natural list of essential medicines (NLEM). Food and drug administration Thailand: Nonthaburi. (in Thai).
Mishra, P.K., Singh, R.K., Gupta, A., Chaturvedi, A., Pandey, R., Tiwari, S.P. & Mohapatra, T.M. (2013). Antibacterial activity of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall ex Nees leaves against clinical pathogens. Journal of pharmacy research, 7(5), 459-462.
Mickymarry, S. (2019). Efficacy and mechanism of traditional medicinal plants and bioactive compounds against clinically important pathogen. Antibiotics, 8(4), 257. doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040257.
Navaratnam, P. & Chung, L.Y. (2011). Synergistic antimicrobial activity between pentacyclic triterpenoids and antibiotics against Staphylococus aureus stains. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 10(25), 1-6.
Nimer, N.A. (2022). Nosocomial Infection and Antibiotic-Resistant Threat in the Middle East. Infection and Drug Resistance,15, 631–639. doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S351755.
Reygaert, W.C. (2018). An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria. AIMS Microbiology, 4(3), 482-501. doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2018.3.482.
Sang-iamsuntorn, K., Suksatu, A., Pewkliang, Y., Thongsri, P., Kanjanasirirat, P., Manopwisedjaroen, S. & Hongeng, S. (2020). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of Andrographis paniculata extract and its major component Andrographolide in human lung epithelial cells and cytotoxicity evaluation in major organ cell representatives. Journal of Natural Products, 84(4), 1261-1270.
Schroeder, M., Brooks, B.D. & Brooks, A.E. (2017). The complex relationship between virulence and antibiotic resistance. Gene, 8(39), 3-23.
Selvam, G.G., Karthik, S., Mathivanan, K., Baskaran, R., Karthikeyan, M., Gopi, M., Govindasamy, C. & Srinivasan, R. (2012). In vitro antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia sappan L. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(1), s136-139.
Septama, A.W. & Panichayupakaranant, P. (2016). Synergistic effect of artocarpin on antibacterial activity of some antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Pharmaceutical Biology, 54(4), 686-91.
Subramani, R., Narayanasamy, M. & Feussner, K.D. (2017). Plant-derived antimicrobials to fight against multi-drug- resistant human pathogens, 7(3), 172. doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0848-9.
Wen, L., Xia, N., Chen, X., Li, Y., Hong, Y., Liu, Y. & Wang, Z. (2014). Activity of antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory in compounds andrographolide salt. European Journal of Pharmacology, 740, 421-427.
Zhang, L., Bao, M., Liu, B., Zhao, H., Zhang, Y., Ji, X., Zhao, N., Zhang, C., He, X., Yi, J., Tan, Y., Li, L. & Lu, C. (2020). Effect of Andrographolide and Its analogs on bacterial infection: A Review. Pharmacology, 105, 123–134. doi.org/10.1159/000503410.
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Published
2023-05-11
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