Carbosulfan Residues in Chinese Kale after Spraying and their Consumption Risk, A Case Study at Vegetable Farm Area in Phonyang Sub-District, Wanghin District, Sisaket Province
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze carbosulfan residues in Chinese kale growing at vegetable farm area, Phonyang Sub - District, Wanghin District, Sisaket Province, by comparing between without washing and washing with water after spraying at day 1, 7 and 10. Health risk assessment from Chinese kale consumption was also conducted. The results found that carbosulfan residues in Chinese kale samples after spraying in day 1, 7 and 10 were 12.20, 1.74 and 1.59 mg/kg, respectively. The residues found in day 7 and 10 decreased significantly comparing with those in the first day of harvesting. After washing, carbosulfan residues in Chinese kale were found 2.70, 1.20 and 1.14 mg/kg, respectively. It showed decreased significantly only in the first day of harvesting. Comparing with the Maximum Residue Limit (MRLs), it was found that all detected residue levels were higher than the MRLs which set as 0.5 mg/kg. However, the consumption risk estimation in term of Hazard Quotient (HQ) showed that there was no risk from Chinese kale consumption in any period after carbosulfan spraying which HQ < 1. Keywords : Carbosulfan residues ; Chinese kale ; Pesticide Use Behaviors ; Consumption riskReferences
Agricultural Pesticides Division. (2002). Sample Collection and Storage Manual. Department of Agriculture.
Bangkok. (in Thai)
AOAC. (2007). Pesticide residues in foods by acetonitrile extraction and partitioning with magnesium sulfate.
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. Gaithersburg, USA.
ATSDR. (1997). Toxicological Profile for Chlopyrifos. U.S. Department of Health and Human. Agency for toxic
substance and disease registry. Retrieved October 21, 2018, from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp84.pdf.
ATSDR. (2015). Public Health Assessment Guidance Manual (update): Appendix G: Calculating Exposure Dose. Agency for toxic substance and disease registry. Retrieved November 29, 2018, from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/PHAmanual/app.htm.
Claimon, S. (2010). Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) for Chinese Kale. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved
November 4, 2019, from https://soclaimon.wordpress.com/2010/06/14. (in Thai)
Chaiyunboon, P., Phumongkuttchai, J. & Bhunthavee, B. (2015). Residue trials of carbosulfan in Yardlong beans
to establish Maximum Residue Limit (MRLs) in Trial 1-6. Report of Agricultural Production Science
Research and Development Division, 58-66. (in Thai)
Department of Agricultural Extension. (2018). The report of Chinese kale growing situation in year 2017.
Retrieved November 5, 2019, from http://www.production.doae.go.th. (in Thai)
Department of Health. (2011). Methods for Buying and Washing of Safe and Clean Fruits and Vegetable.Retrieved
July 5, 2018, from https://foodsan.anamai.moph.go.th/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=916&filename=media2018_2
Jansrikun, A. (2000). Disease and Pests of Vegetable and their Controls. Bangkok: Thai Watanapanich
Kasuwan, W. (2008). General of Vegetable Plantation. Bangkok: Kreunaksorn
KhobJai, V., Dumrongsat, A., Pantha, P. & Doakpoung, D. (2010). Pesticide usage behaviors and
bloodcholinesterase activities : a case study of Mong villagers in Phayao Province. Journal of Health
Science Research, 4(2), 36-46. (in Thai)
Koranee, R. & Prangsurang, P. (2016). A study of comparing the effectiveness of washing method to
eliminate pesticide residues in fresh vegetables. Thai Food and Drug Journal, 23(1), 34-42. (in Thai)
National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards. (2016). Pesticide residues : Maximum Residue
Limits.Retrieved November 7, 2019, from http://www.acfs.go.th/standard/download/MAXIMUM-RESIDUE-
LIMITS.pdf. (in Thai)
NSTDA. (2008). Size Thailand. National Science and Development Agency, Retrieved December 25, 2018, from
http://waa.inter.nstda.or.th/stks/pub/2012/20120417-SizeThailand.pdf.
Pakakasma, P., Saisin, S. & Sutin, S. (2017). Detection of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides residues
in vegetables in Samutprakarn Province. Journal of Business Administration the Association of Private
Education Institutions of Thailand, 5(1), 22-30. (in Thai)
Piromchit, P & Paileeklee, S. (2015). Knowledge and behavior regarding pesticide use among agriculturists in
Ban Na Lao, Na Wang District, Nong Bua Lam Phu Province. Community Health Development Quarterly
Khon Kaen Unversity, 2(3), 299–309. (in Thai)
Thai-PAN. (2016). Monitoring Report of Pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits. Thailand Pesticide Alert
Network. Retrieved December 9, 2018, from
http://www.thaipan.org/sites/default/files/file/pesticide_doc24_press_4_5_2559.pdf. (in Thai)
Udomchok, M. (2008). Residue trials of pesticide in asparagus to establish Maximum Residue Limit (MRLs) in
Trial 3 and Trial 4. Report of Research and Development of Plant and Agricultural Technology. Retrieved
November 10, 2019, From http://www.doa.go.th/research/attachment. (in Thai)
US-EPA. (1987). Carbosulfan; CASRN 55285-14-8. Retrieved December 7, 2018, from
https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0021_summary.pdf#nameddest=rfd.
Wanwimolruk, S., Kanchanamayoon, O., Phopin, K. & Prachayasittikul, V. (2015). Food safety in Thailand 2:
Pesticide residues found in Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea), a commonly consumed vegetable in Asian
countries. Science of the Total Environment, 532, 447 - 455.
Wongjanta, L., Kanyaboon, P., KenKum, T., & Srihawiroj, R. (2016). Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors related
to Insecticide Contamination in Fresh Vegetables and Fruits among Consumers in Bang Lai Sub-District,
Bueng Na Rang District, Phicit Province. FDA Journal, 23(1), 18-24. (in Thai)
Bangkok. (in Thai)
AOAC. (2007). Pesticide residues in foods by acetonitrile extraction and partitioning with magnesium sulfate.
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. Gaithersburg, USA.
ATSDR. (1997). Toxicological Profile for Chlopyrifos. U.S. Department of Health and Human. Agency for toxic
substance and disease registry. Retrieved October 21, 2018, from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp84.pdf.
ATSDR. (2015). Public Health Assessment Guidance Manual (update): Appendix G: Calculating Exposure Dose. Agency for toxic substance and disease registry. Retrieved November 29, 2018, from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/PHAmanual/app.htm.
Claimon, S. (2010). Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) for Chinese Kale. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved
November 4, 2019, from https://soclaimon.wordpress.com/2010/06/14. (in Thai)
Chaiyunboon, P., Phumongkuttchai, J. & Bhunthavee, B. (2015). Residue trials of carbosulfan in Yardlong beans
to establish Maximum Residue Limit (MRLs) in Trial 1-6. Report of Agricultural Production Science
Research and Development Division, 58-66. (in Thai)
Department of Agricultural Extension. (2018). The report of Chinese kale growing situation in year 2017.
Retrieved November 5, 2019, from http://www.production.doae.go.th. (in Thai)
Department of Health. (2011). Methods for Buying and Washing of Safe and Clean Fruits and Vegetable.Retrieved
July 5, 2018, from https://foodsan.anamai.moph.go.th/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=916&filename=media2018_2
Jansrikun, A. (2000). Disease and Pests of Vegetable and their Controls. Bangkok: Thai Watanapanich
Kasuwan, W. (2008). General of Vegetable Plantation. Bangkok: Kreunaksorn
KhobJai, V., Dumrongsat, A., Pantha, P. & Doakpoung, D. (2010). Pesticide usage behaviors and
bloodcholinesterase activities : a case study of Mong villagers in Phayao Province. Journal of Health
Science Research, 4(2), 36-46. (in Thai)
Koranee, R. & Prangsurang, P. (2016). A study of comparing the effectiveness of washing method to
eliminate pesticide residues in fresh vegetables. Thai Food and Drug Journal, 23(1), 34-42. (in Thai)
National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards. (2016). Pesticide residues : Maximum Residue
Limits.Retrieved November 7, 2019, from http://www.acfs.go.th/standard/download/MAXIMUM-RESIDUE-
LIMITS.pdf. (in Thai)
NSTDA. (2008). Size Thailand. National Science and Development Agency, Retrieved December 25, 2018, from
http://waa.inter.nstda.or.th/stks/pub/2012/20120417-SizeThailand.pdf.
Pakakasma, P., Saisin, S. & Sutin, S. (2017). Detection of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides residues
in vegetables in Samutprakarn Province. Journal of Business Administration the Association of Private
Education Institutions of Thailand, 5(1), 22-30. (in Thai)
Piromchit, P & Paileeklee, S. (2015). Knowledge and behavior regarding pesticide use among agriculturists in
Ban Na Lao, Na Wang District, Nong Bua Lam Phu Province. Community Health Development Quarterly
Khon Kaen Unversity, 2(3), 299–309. (in Thai)
Thai-PAN. (2016). Monitoring Report of Pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits. Thailand Pesticide Alert
Network. Retrieved December 9, 2018, from
http://www.thaipan.org/sites/default/files/file/pesticide_doc24_press_4_5_2559.pdf. (in Thai)
Udomchok, M. (2008). Residue trials of pesticide in asparagus to establish Maximum Residue Limit (MRLs) in
Trial 3 and Trial 4. Report of Research and Development of Plant and Agricultural Technology. Retrieved
November 10, 2019, From http://www.doa.go.th/research/attachment. (in Thai)
US-EPA. (1987). Carbosulfan; CASRN 55285-14-8. Retrieved December 7, 2018, from
https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0021_summary.pdf#nameddest=rfd.
Wanwimolruk, S., Kanchanamayoon, O., Phopin, K. & Prachayasittikul, V. (2015). Food safety in Thailand 2:
Pesticide residues found in Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea), a commonly consumed vegetable in Asian
countries. Science of the Total Environment, 532, 447 - 455.
Wongjanta, L., Kanyaboon, P., KenKum, T., & Srihawiroj, R. (2016). Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors related
to Insecticide Contamination in Fresh Vegetables and Fruits among Consumers in Bang Lai Sub-District,
Bueng Na Rang District, Phicit Province. FDA Journal, 23(1), 18-24. (in Thai)
Downloads
Published
2022-05-23
Issue
Section
Research Article
