Bacteria Associated with White Band Syndrome from Cultured Coral (Platygyra daedalea)
Abstract
Cultured immature corals (Platygyra daedalea) affected by White Band Syndrome (WBS), were classified based on white plague area on coral surface into four categories; (0), WBS absent; (+1), WBS present over 10 - 20% of coral surface; (+2), 30 - 60% and > 60%, (+3). Coral tissue was examined for bacterial infection by directed enumeration of total bacteria and total Vibrio spp. Density of total Vibrio spp. in culture tank water (means ± SE) amounted 5.49 ± 1.1 for category (0), 2.45 x 102 ± 1.48, (+1), 4.89 x 103 ± 1.2, (+2), and 6.16 x 103 ± 1.26, (+3), CFU/ml. Total bacteria in culture tank water was higher with than total Vibrio spp. (means ± SE) at 2.63 x 103 ± 1.48 for category (0), 1.62 x 103 ± 1.1, (+1), 6.91 x 103 ± 1.51, (+2), and 8.13 x 104 ± 1.55, (+3), CFU/ml. Furthermore, processed coral tissue scrapings from WBS had higher densities of total Vibrio spp. and total bacterial than water in those culture tanks with means ± SE for the former 6.46 x 104 ± 1.62 category (0), 2.14 x 105 ± 1.12, (+1), 4.68 x 105 ± 1.38, (+2), and 3.39 x 106 ± 1.09, (+3), CFU/ml., infections. Total bacteria of processed coral tissue scrapings had higher densities with means ± SE 1.28 x 105 ± 3.31 for category (0), 5.62 x 105 ± 3.98, (+1), 1.02 x 106 ± 2.57, (+2), and 6.03 x 106 ± 4.89, (+3), CFU/ml. infections. WBS of coral tissue was significantly correlated with total bacteria (n = 4, r = 0.879), and total Vibrio spp. (n = 4, r = 0.892), respectively. Thus, total bacteria and Vibrio spp. virulence was positively and significantly correlated with WBS. Dominant bacteria were V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus. Overall, results implied that bacteria accumulation in culture tank water may impose a stress to healthy coral and so, further study should be conducted to confirm bacterial etiology. Generally, basic principles of cleanliness should be applied routinely to all aspects of coral culture.Keywords: bacteria, coral disease, Platygyra daedalea, Vibrio spp., White Band SyndromeReferences
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Yaashikaa, P.R., Saravanan, A., Kumar, P,S. (2016). Isolation and identification of Vibrio choleare and Vibrio
parahaemolyticus from prawn (Penaeus monodon) seafood: Preservation strategies. Microbial Pathogenesis, 99, 5-13.
& S. B. Galloway (Eds.), Diseases of Coral. (pp. 206 – 220). United Stated of America.
Cervino, J.M., Hayes, L.R., Polson, S.W., Polson, P.S., Goreau, T.J., Martinez, R.J., Smith G.W. (2004). Relationship of Vibrio Spices Infection and Elevated Temperatures to Yellow Blotch/Band Disease in Caribbean Corals. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(11), 6855-6864.
Charlotte, E., Kvennefors, E., Eugenia, S., Caroline, K., Genyess, V., George, R., Andrew, C.B. (2011). Regulation of Bacterial Communities Through Antimicrobial Activity by the Coral Holobiont. Microbiology Ecology. 63(3), 605-618.
Hörmansdorfer, S., Wentges, H., Neugebaur-Büchler, H., Bauer, B. (2000). Isolation of Vibrio alginolyticus from seawater aquaria. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 203, 169-175.
Kenkel, C. (2007). Coral Disease on the Reefs of Southern Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Centre, Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environment. Retrieved June 8, 2015, from http://www.pmbc.go.th/ webpmbc/
nipon/disease_greenfins.pdf
Lesser, M.P., Bythell, J.C., Gates, R.D., Johnstone, R.W., Guldberg, O.H., (2007). Are infectious disease really killing coral? Alternative interpretations of the experimental and ecological data. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 346, 36-44.
Luna, G.M., Bongiorni, L., Gill, C., Biavasco, F., Danovavaro, R., (2010). Vibrio harveyi as a causative agent of the White Syndrome in tropical stony corals. Environment Microbiol Report, 2(1), 120-127.
Muller, E.M., Van Woesik, R. (2012). Caribbean coral disease: primary transmission or secondary infection?. Global Change Biology, 12019, 1-7.
National Research Council of Thailand (2014). Organisms that are classified as Type research. In Biosafety Guidelines for Work Related to Modern Biotechnology or Genetic Engineering Time 8
(pp. 113-154). Pathumthani: Technical Biosafety Committee for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology National Science and Technology Development Agency Center Bangkok; P. A. Living Ltd. (in Thai)
Omori, M. & Iwao, K. (2014). Methods of farming sexually propagated corals and outplanting for coral reef rehabilitation; with list of references for coral reef rehabilitation through active restoration measure. Retrieved September 4, 2017, from http://www.amsl.or.jp/etc/english.pdf
Pengsuk, C., Longyant, S., Rukpratanporn, S., Chaivisuthangkura, P., Sridulykul, P. & Sithigorngul, P. (2010). Development of monoclonal antibodies for simple detection and differentiation of Vibrio mimicus from
V. cholerae and Vibrio spp. by dot blotting. Aquacuture, 17-24.
Raymundo, A.J., Couch, C.S., Work, T.M., Weil, E., Woodley, CM., Jordan-Dahlgren, E., Bruckner, A.W., Willis, B.L., Harvell, C.D., Sato, Y., Aeby, G.S. (2008). A Coral Disease Handbook: Guidelines for Assessment, Monitoring and Management. Coral Reef Targeted Research and Capacity Building for Management Program, Melbourne, Australia.
Rosenberg, E. & Zilber, R.I. (2008). From bacterial bleaching to the hologenome theory of evolution. Dept. Mol. Microbiol and Biotechnol, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel 69978.
Roseberg, E. & Kushmaro, A. (2011). Microbial Disease of Coral: Pathology and Ecology. In Z, Dubensky &
N, Stambler (Eds.), Coral reefs: An Ecology in Transition. (pp. 451-464). Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York.
Sithigorngul, W., Rengpipat, S., Tansiristtikul, A., Rukprataporn, S., Longuyant, S., Chaivisuthangkura,
P., Sithigorngul, P. (2006). Development of monoclonal antibodies for simple identification of Vibrio
alginolyticus. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 43, 436-442.
Sudek, M., Work, T.M., Aeby, G.S., Davy, S.K., (2012). Histological observations in the Hawaiian reef coral, Porites compressa, affected by Porites bleaching with tissue loss. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 111,
121-125.
Sunagawa, S., DeSantis, T.Z., Piceno, Y.M., Brodie, E.L., DeSalvo, M.K., Voolstra C.R., Weil, E., Andersen L.G.,
Medina, M., (2009). Bacterial diversity and White Plague Disease-associated community changes in the Caribbean coral Montastraea faveolata. International Society for Microbial Ecology, 3, 512-521.
Ushijima, B., Videau, P., Burger, H.A., Shore-Maggio, A., Runyon, M.C., Sudek, M., Aeby, S.G., & Callahan M.S.
(2014). Vibrio coralliilyticus strain OCN008 Is an Etiological Agent of Acute Montipora White Syndrome. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 80(7), 2102-2109.
Wilson, B., Aeby, G.S., Work, T.M., Bourne, D.G. (2012). Bacterial communities associated with healthy and
Acropora white syndrome-affected corals from American Samoa. FEMS Microbio Ecol, 80, 509–520.
Yaashikaa, P.R., Saravanan, A., Kumar, P,S. (2016). Isolation and identification of Vibrio choleare and Vibrio
parahaemolyticus from prawn (Penaeus monodon) seafood: Preservation strategies. Microbial Pathogenesis, 99, 5-13.
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2017-09-28
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