Effects of Temperature on Ephyra Production of the Scyphozoan Jellyfish, (Catostylus townsendi Mayer, 1915) Reared in the Laboratory
Abstract
A 60-day experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of temperature on ephyra production of the scyphozoan jellyfish, Catostylus townsendi reared in the laboratory. Forty-five polyps were used in the experiment which each polyp was stocked in a 150 ml plastic bowl. Fifteen replicates bowls were used for each of the 3 treatments (at25.0, 27.0 and 30.0 °C). Each replicate was kept in a foam box to maintain the temperature via a chiller. The results showed that there were no significant differences in average survival rates of polyp or average number of ephyrae produced at different temperatures. The survival rates at the end of the experiment ranged between 80.0±10.7 and 86.7±9.1% (± SE), and the average number of ephyrae released were 13.6±1.2, 15.6 ±1.9, 15.9±1.0 individual per polyp (± SE) at 25.0, 27.0 and 30.0 °C, respectively. Increased in temperature greatly decreased the average diameter of ephyra which the largest ephyra was found at 25.0 °C (2.10±0.03a mm) while the smaller ephyrae were found at 27.0 and 30.0°C. (1.8±0.03b mm and 1.7±0.03b mm) (± SE) (p<0.01). Additionally temperature increasing also increased the number of abnormal ephyrae. The highest percentage was found at 30.0 °C (24.8±3.3%a) while the lower percentages were 21.1±5.5%ab and 10.1±4.9%b at 25.0 °C and 27.0 °C, respectively (p<0.01). The overall results suggest that the jellyfish polyp, Catostylus townsendi reared at 25.0 °C in the laboratory were most suitable for ephyrae production as it has no affected on the survival rate of the polyp, produced the largest number of ephyrae with lowest but produced larger and low percentage of abnormalities. Keyword: Catostylus townsendi, ephyra, temperatureReferences
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Conrad, S.J. (2015). Injured jellyfish seek to regain symmetry, study shows. retrieved 28 April 2017, from https://phys.org/news/2015-06-jellyfish-regain-symmetry.html.
Dawson, M.N., Martin, L.E., Penland , L.K.. (2001). Jellyfish swarms, tourists, and the Christ-child. Hydrobiologia, 451, 131–144.
Fuchs, R.B., Wei, W., Simon, G., Yizhu, L., Santiago, I., Eva, M. H., Philipp, D., Anna, M. B., Georg, H., Felix, S., Tomislav, D.L., Ulrich, C. K., Friederike, A. E., Philip, R., Thomas, C.G. B., Konstantin, K. (2014). Regulation of polyp-to-jellyfish transition in Aurelia aurita. Current Biology, 24, 263–273.
Fitt, K. W, Kristin, C. (1998). The role of temperature in survival of the polyp stage of the tropical rhizostome jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 222, 79–91.
Grodah, F. (1988). A comparative ecological study on the scyphozoans Aurelia aurita, Cyanea capillata and C. lamarckii in the Gullmar Fjord, western Sweden, 1982. Marine Biology (Berlin), 97, 541-550.
Hamner, M. W., & Dawson, N.M. (2009). A review and synthesis on the systematics and evolution of jellyfish blooms: advantageous aggregations and adaptive assemblages. Hydrobiologia, 616, 161–191.
Han, C.H., Uye, I. (2010). Combined effects of food supply and temperature on asexual reproduction and somatic growth of polyps of the common jellyfish Aurelia aurita. Plankton Benthos Res, 5, 98–105.
Holst, S. (2012). Morphology and development of benthic and pelagic life stages of North Sea jellyfish (Scyphozoa, Cnidaria) with special emphasis on the identification of ephyra stages. Marine Biology ,159, 2702-2722.
Kawawahara, M., Uye, S.I., Ohtsu, K., Iizumi, H. (2006). Unusual population explosion of the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae) in East Asian waters. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 307, 161-173.
Kim, D.H., Ju, N, S., Won, D.Y., Young, S. S. (2012). Estimating the economic damage caused by jellyfish to fisheries in Korea. Fisheries Science, 78, 1147–1152.
Liu, W.C., Lo, W.T., Purcell, J.E., Chang, H.H. (2009). Effects of temperature,light intensity and salinity on asexual reproduction of the scyphozoan, Aurelia aurita (L.) in Taiwan. Master’s thesis.National Sun Yat-Sea University. 74 p.
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Lucas, C.H. (2001). Reproduction and life history strategies of the common jellyfish, Aurelia aurita in relation to its ambient environment. Hydrobiologia, 451, 229-246.
Mills, E. C. (2001). Jellyfish blooms: are populations increasing globally in response to changing ocean conditions?. Hydrobiologia, 451, 55–68.
Miyeke, H., Terazaki, M., Kakinuma, Y. (2002). On the polyp of the common jellyfish Aurelia aurita in Kagoshima Bay. Journal of Oceanography, 58, 451-459.
Moller, H. (1980). Population dynamic of Aurelia aurita medusae in Kiel Bight , Germany (FRG). Marine Biology, 60, 123-128.
Musika, C., Wanchai, W., Arvut, M., Pattana, P., Waewtaa, T. (2014). Water quality in marine recreation areas, Chon Buri province. Burapha Sci. J., 19(1), 11-23.
Nastav, B., Malej, M., Malej, A.Jr., Malej, A. (2013). Is it possible to determine the economic impact of jellyfish outbreaks on fisheries. Medit. Mar. Sci., 14(1), 214-223.
Olive,P.J.W. (1985). Physiological adaptation and the concepts of optimal reproductive strategy and physiological constraint in marine invertebrates. In Laverack, M.S. (ed.), Physiological Adaptations of Marine Animals. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 39, 267-300.
Omori, M., Nakano, E. (2001). Jelly fisheries in South East Asia. Hydrobiologia, 451, 19-26.
Pascual, M., Verónica, F., Antonio, C., Dacha, A., Josep, M. Gili., Jennifer, E. P. (2014). Temperature effects on asexual reproduction of the scyphozoan Aurelia aurita s.l.: differences bet ween exotic (Baltic and Red seas) and native (Mediterranean Sea) population. Marine ecology , V.36 I 4, 994-1002.
Pitt, K.A. (2000). Life history and settlement preferences of the edible jellyfish Catostylusmosaicus (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae). Marine Biology ,136, 269-279.
Pohl, S.I., Jarms, G. (2010). Identification key for young ephyrae: a first step for early detection of jellyfish blooms. Hydrobiologia , 645, 3–21.
Prieto, L., Astorga, D., Navarro, G., Ruiz, J. (2010). Environmental control of phase transition and polyp survival of a massive-outbreaker jellyfish. Plos One Anniversary, 5, 11.
Purcell, J.E., White, J.R., Namazie, N.A., Wright, D.A. (1999). Temperature, salinity and food effect on asexual reproduction and abundance of the scyphozoan Chrysaora quinquecirrha. Marine ecology progress series, 180, 187-196.
Purcell, J.E. (2007). Environmental effects on asexual reproduction rates of the scyphozoan Aurelia labiata . Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 348, 183–196.
Purcell, J.E., Hoover, R.A., Schwarck, N.T. (2009). Interannual variation of strobilation by the scyphozoan Aurelia labiata in relation to polyp density, temperature, salinity,and light conditions in situ. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, 375, 139–149.
Purcell, J.E., Atienza, D., Fuentes, V.N., Olariaga, A., Tilves, U., Colahan, C., Gili, M.J. (2012). Temperature effects on asexual reproduction rates of scyphozoan species from the northwest Mediterranean Sea. Hydrobiologia, 690, 169-180.
Rungsupa, S. (2013). Changing of water quality and phytoplankton around Sichang island from salinity decreasing. Journal of Fisheries Technology Research Vol. 7 No. 2 July - December 2013, (pp. 94-103). (in-Thai)
Solorzano, L. (1969). Determination of ammonia in natural Water by the phenol-hypochlorite method. Limnology and Oceanography, 5, 799-801.
Straehler, P. (2009). Die Phylogenie der Rhopaliophora und die Paraphylie der ‘Rhizostomeae’. Dissertation, Universita¨t Hamburg.
Straehler-Pohl, I. & Jarms, G. (2010). Identification key for young ephyrae: a first step for early detection of jellyfish blooms. Hydrobiologia, 645, 3–21.
Strickland, J.D.H., & T.R. Parsons.(1972). A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Fisheries research board of Canada Bulletin 167. Ottawa, Canada. 310 p.
Thein, H., Hideki, I. & Shin, I.U. (2012). The potential role of podocysts in perpetuation of the common jellyfish Aurelia aurita s.l. (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) in anthropogenically perturbed. Hydrobiologia, 690, 157-167.
Tronolone, V.B., Morandini, A.C., & Migotto, A. E. (2002). On the occurrence of Scyphozoa ephyrae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae and Rhizostomeae) in the South eastern Brazilian coast. Biota Neotropica ,2, 1-18.
Webster, C,N. & Lucas, C.H. (2012). The effects of food and temperature on settlement of Aurelia aurita planula larvae and subsequent somatic growth. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 436-437,
Widmer, C.L. (2005). Effects of temperature on growth of northeast Pacific moonjellyfish ephyrae, Aurelia labiata (Cnidaria:Scyphozoa). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 125, 83–90.
Willcox, S., Moltschaniwskyij, N.A., Crawford, C. (2007). Asexual reproduction in scyphistomae of Aurelia sp.: Effects of temperature and salinity in an experimental study. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 353, 107-114.
Wongsa-Ngasri, P. Poonsap, V. & Benjawan, T. (2008). Study of salted jellyfish production in commercial. Proceeding of the Annual Conference on Fisheries 2008, 284-297. (in-Thai)
Xie, C., Fan, M., Wang, X., Chen, M. (2015). Dynamic model for life history of Scyphozoa. Plos One Anniversary,
Belmar, B.M., Ernesto, A., Kristian, P., Giacomo, M., Verónica, F., Ons, K.D.Y., Anton, M., Alan, D., Stefano, P. (2017). Jellyfish blooms perception in Mediterranean finfish aquaculture. Marine Policy, 76, 1–7.
Calder, D.R. (1982). Life history of the cannonball jellyfish, Stomolophus meleagris L. Agassiz, 1860 (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomida). Biol Bull , 162,149–162
Conrad, S.J. (2015). Injured jellyfish seek to regain symmetry, study shows. retrieved 28 April 2017, from https://phys.org/news/2015-06-jellyfish-regain-symmetry.html.
Dawson, M.N., Martin, L.E., Penland , L.K.. (2001). Jellyfish swarms, tourists, and the Christ-child. Hydrobiologia, 451, 131–144.
Fuchs, R.B., Wei, W., Simon, G., Yizhu, L., Santiago, I., Eva, M. H., Philipp, D., Anna, M. B., Georg, H., Felix, S., Tomislav, D.L., Ulrich, C. K., Friederike, A. E., Philip, R., Thomas, C.G. B., Konstantin, K. (2014). Regulation of polyp-to-jellyfish transition in Aurelia aurita. Current Biology, 24, 263–273.
Fitt, K. W, Kristin, C. (1998). The role of temperature in survival of the polyp stage of the tropical rhizostome jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 222, 79–91.
Grodah, F. (1988). A comparative ecological study on the scyphozoans Aurelia aurita, Cyanea capillata and C. lamarckii in the Gullmar Fjord, western Sweden, 1982. Marine Biology (Berlin), 97, 541-550.
Hamner, M. W., & Dawson, N.M. (2009). A review and synthesis on the systematics and evolution of jellyfish blooms: advantageous aggregations and adaptive assemblages. Hydrobiologia, 616, 161–191.
Han, C.H., Uye, I. (2010). Combined effects of food supply and temperature on asexual reproduction and somatic growth of polyps of the common jellyfish Aurelia aurita. Plankton Benthos Res, 5, 98–105.
Holst, S. (2012). Morphology and development of benthic and pelagic life stages of North Sea jellyfish (Scyphozoa, Cnidaria) with special emphasis on the identification of ephyra stages. Marine Biology ,159, 2702-2722.
Kawawahara, M., Uye, S.I., Ohtsu, K., Iizumi, H. (2006). Unusual population explosion of the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae) in East Asian waters. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 307, 161-173.
Kim, D.H., Ju, N, S., Won, D.Y., Young, S. S. (2012). Estimating the economic damage caused by jellyfish to fisheries in Korea. Fisheries Science, 78, 1147–1152.
Liu, W.C., Lo, W.T., Purcell, J.E., Chang, H.H. (2009). Effects of temperature,light intensity and salinity on asexual reproduction of the scyphozoan, Aurelia aurita (L.) in Taiwan. Master’s thesis.National Sun Yat-Sea University. 74 p.
Low, J.W. (1921). Variation in ephyra of Aurelia aurita. Proceeding Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh, 20,
226-235.
Lucas, C.H. (2001). Reproduction and life history strategies of the common jellyfish, Aurelia aurita in relation to its ambient environment. Hydrobiologia, 451, 229-246.
Mills, E. C. (2001). Jellyfish blooms: are populations increasing globally in response to changing ocean conditions?. Hydrobiologia, 451, 55–68.
Miyeke, H., Terazaki, M., Kakinuma, Y. (2002). On the polyp of the common jellyfish Aurelia aurita in Kagoshima Bay. Journal of Oceanography, 58, 451-459.
Moller, H. (1980). Population dynamic of Aurelia aurita medusae in Kiel Bight , Germany (FRG). Marine Biology, 60, 123-128.
Musika, C., Wanchai, W., Arvut, M., Pattana, P., Waewtaa, T. (2014). Water quality in marine recreation areas, Chon Buri province. Burapha Sci. J., 19(1), 11-23.
Nastav, B., Malej, M., Malej, A.Jr., Malej, A. (2013). Is it possible to determine the economic impact of jellyfish outbreaks on fisheries. Medit. Mar. Sci., 14(1), 214-223.
Olive,P.J.W. (1985). Physiological adaptation and the concepts of optimal reproductive strategy and physiological constraint in marine invertebrates. In Laverack, M.S. (ed.), Physiological Adaptations of Marine Animals. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 39, 267-300.
Omori, M., Nakano, E. (2001). Jelly fisheries in South East Asia. Hydrobiologia, 451, 19-26.
Pascual, M., Verónica, F., Antonio, C., Dacha, A., Josep, M. Gili., Jennifer, E. P. (2014). Temperature effects on asexual reproduction of the scyphozoan Aurelia aurita s.l.: differences bet ween exotic (Baltic and Red seas) and native (Mediterranean Sea) population. Marine ecology , V.36 I 4, 994-1002.
Pitt, K.A. (2000). Life history and settlement preferences of the edible jellyfish Catostylusmosaicus (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae). Marine Biology ,136, 269-279.
Pohl, S.I., Jarms, G. (2010). Identification key for young ephyrae: a first step for early detection of jellyfish blooms. Hydrobiologia , 645, 3–21.
Prieto, L., Astorga, D., Navarro, G., Ruiz, J. (2010). Environmental control of phase transition and polyp survival of a massive-outbreaker jellyfish. Plos One Anniversary, 5, 11.
Purcell, J.E., White, J.R., Namazie, N.A., Wright, D.A. (1999). Temperature, salinity and food effect on asexual reproduction and abundance of the scyphozoan Chrysaora quinquecirrha. Marine ecology progress series, 180, 187-196.
Purcell, J.E. (2007). Environmental effects on asexual reproduction rates of the scyphozoan Aurelia labiata . Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 348, 183–196.
Purcell, J.E., Hoover, R.A., Schwarck, N.T. (2009). Interannual variation of strobilation by the scyphozoan Aurelia labiata in relation to polyp density, temperature, salinity,and light conditions in situ. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, 375, 139–149.
Purcell, J.E., Atienza, D., Fuentes, V.N., Olariaga, A., Tilves, U., Colahan, C., Gili, M.J. (2012). Temperature effects on asexual reproduction rates of scyphozoan species from the northwest Mediterranean Sea. Hydrobiologia, 690, 169-180.
Rungsupa, S. (2013). Changing of water quality and phytoplankton around Sichang island from salinity decreasing. Journal of Fisheries Technology Research Vol. 7 No. 2 July - December 2013, (pp. 94-103). (in-Thai)
Solorzano, L. (1969). Determination of ammonia in natural Water by the phenol-hypochlorite method. Limnology and Oceanography, 5, 799-801.
Straehler, P. (2009). Die Phylogenie der Rhopaliophora und die Paraphylie der ‘Rhizostomeae’. Dissertation, Universita¨t Hamburg.
Straehler-Pohl, I. & Jarms, G. (2010). Identification key for young ephyrae: a first step for early detection of jellyfish blooms. Hydrobiologia, 645, 3–21.
Strickland, J.D.H., & T.R. Parsons.(1972). A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Fisheries research board of Canada Bulletin 167. Ottawa, Canada. 310 p.
Thein, H., Hideki, I. & Shin, I.U. (2012). The potential role of podocysts in perpetuation of the common jellyfish Aurelia aurita s.l. (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) in anthropogenically perturbed. Hydrobiologia, 690, 157-167.
Tronolone, V.B., Morandini, A.C., & Migotto, A. E. (2002). On the occurrence of Scyphozoa ephyrae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae and Rhizostomeae) in the South eastern Brazilian coast. Biota Neotropica ,2, 1-18.
Webster, C,N. & Lucas, C.H. (2012). The effects of food and temperature on settlement of Aurelia aurita planula larvae and subsequent somatic growth. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 436-437,
Widmer, C.L. (2005). Effects of temperature on growth of northeast Pacific moonjellyfish ephyrae, Aurelia labiata (Cnidaria:Scyphozoa). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 125, 83–90.
Willcox, S., Moltschaniwskyij, N.A., Crawford, C. (2007). Asexual reproduction in scyphistomae of Aurelia sp.: Effects of temperature and salinity in an experimental study. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 353, 107-114.
Wongsa-Ngasri, P. Poonsap, V. & Benjawan, T. (2008). Study of salted jellyfish production in commercial. Proceeding of the Annual Conference on Fisheries 2008, 284-297. (in-Thai)
Xie, C., Fan, M., Wang, X., Chen, M. (2015). Dynamic model for life history of Scyphozoa. Plos One Anniversary,
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