Enhancement of Salt Tolerance in Rice by Salt Acclimation at Seedling Stage
Abstract
Saline soil is a major problem for rice cultivation in many areas of Thailand. In addition, the saline soil areas have different levels of salinity, resulting in rice being unable to grow in such areas. Therefore, this research aims to study the growth and some physiological characteristics of rice at the seedling stage with different concentrations of NaCl acclimation. The experiment was conducted by Completely Randomized Design with 4 treatments: treatment 1 was control (non salt stress), treatment 2 was no NaCl acclimation, treatment 3 was acclimation with 5 mM NaCl and treatment 4 was acclimation with 10 mM NaCl, each treatment had 4 replications. The results showed that, the salt-tolerant lines, M-1 and M-3, which had a previous salinity tolerant potential at 80 mM NaCl, after NaCl acclimation with 10 mM, their salinity tolerance efficiency could be achieved at 100 mM NaCl. Growth such as shoot and root length, shoot and root dry weight and some physiological responses of rice under saline stress, such as electrolyte leakage ratio, the water content in leaves, Chlorophyll a and b, Na+ and K+ concentration, and Na+:K+ ratio were not statistically different with the control. While Pathumthani 1, highly sensitive to salinity, acclimation to the NaCl process was able to enhance salinity tolerance at the seedling stage to some extent. Therefore, the promotion for transplanted rice farmers to acclimate with 10 mM NaCl for 14 days is a useful baseline for rice cultivation planning. Moreover, the growth and some physiological responses of rice under salinity stress can be used as the basic for characterizing the salinity stress tolerance of rice at the vegetative stage. Keywords : salt acclimation ; salt-tolerance ; growth ; rice ; seedling stageReferences
Anbumalarmathi, J., & Mehta, P. (2013). Effect of salt stress on germination of indica rice varieties. European Journal of Biological Sciences, 6(1), 1-6.
Arunin, S. (1996). Saline soil in Thailand. Bangkok: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. (in Thai)
Bell, H.L., & O'Leary, J.W. (2003). Effects of salinity on growth and cation accumulation of Sporobolus virginicus (Poaceae). American Journal of Botany, 90(10), 1416-1424.
Chuamnakthong, S., Nampei, M., & Ueda, A. (2019). Characterization of Na+ exclusion mechanism in rice under saline-alkaline stress conditions. Plant Science, 287, 110-117.
Dionisio–Sese, M.L., & Tobita, S. (1998). Antioxidant responses of rice seedlings to salinity stress. Plant Science, 135(1), 1-9.
Djanaguiraman, M., Sheeba, J.A., Shankaer, A.K., Devi, D.D., & Bangarusamy, U. (2006). Rice can acclimate to lethal level of salinity by pretreatment with sublethal level of salinity through osmotic adjustment. Plant and Soil, 284, 363-373.
Elsawy, H.I.A., Mekawy, A.M.M., Elhity, M.A., Abdel-dayem, S.M., Abdelaziz, M.N., Assaha, D.V., Ueda, A., & Saneoka, H. (2018). Differential responses of two Egyptian barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars to salt stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 127, 425-435.
Gill, S.S., & Tuteja, N. (2010). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 48(12), 909-930.
Hasanuzzaman, M., & Fujita, M. (2022). Plant responses and tolerance to salt stress: physiological and molecular interventions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23, 4810.
IRRI. (1996). Standard Evaluation System for Rice. (4th edition). Manila: International Rice Research Institute.
Janda, T., Darko, É., Shehata, S., Kovács, V., Pál, M., & Szalai, G. (2016). Salt acclimation processes in wheat. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 101, 68-75.
Kamanga, R.M., Echigo, K., Yodoya, K., Mekawy, A.M.M., & Ueda, A. (2020). Salinity acclimation ameliorates salt stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings by triggering a cascade of physiological processes in the leaves. Scientia Horticulturae, 270, 109434.
Laloknam, S., Suksanchananun, C., Phornphi-sutthimas, S., Sirisopana, S., Limchoowong, S., & Rai, V. (2008). Reduction of salt stress in onion root by glycerol, betaine and proline. In Proceeding The 4th Naresuan Research Conference. Naresuan University.
Land Develop Department. (2015). State of Soil and Land Resources of Thailand. Bangkok: The Agricultural Co-operative Federation of Thailand., LTD. (in Thai)
Lutts, S., Kinet, J.M., & Bouharmont, J. (1995). Change in plant responses to NaCl during development of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties differing in salinity resistance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 46, 1843-1852.
Lutts, S., Kinet, J.M., & Bouharmont, J. (1996). NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Annals of Botany, 78(3), 389-398.
Maas, E.V., & Hoffman, G.J. (1986). Crop salt tolerance-current assessment. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division, 103, 115-134.
Mekawy, A.M.M., Assaha, D.V., Munehiro, R., Kohnishi, E., Nagaoka, T., Ueda, A., & Saneoka, H. (2018). Characterization of type 3 metallothionein-like gene (OsMT-3a) from rice, revealed its ability to confer tolerance to salinity and heavy metal stresses. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 147, 157-166.
Molazem, D., Qurbanov, E.M., & Dunyamaliyev, S.A. (2010). Role of proline, Na and chlorophyll content in salt tolerance of corn (Zea mays L.). American–Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 9(3), 319-324.
Nabil, M., & Coudret, A. (1995). Effects of sodium chloride on growth, tissue elasticity and solute adjustment in two Acacia nilotica subspecies. Physiologia Plantarum, 93(2), 217-224.
Pandolfi, C., Bazihizina, N., Giordano, C., Mancuso, S., & Azzarello, E. (2017). Salt acclimation process: a comparison between a sensitive and a tolerant Olea europaea cultivar. Tree Physiology, 37, 380-388.
Pandolfi, C., Mancuso, S., & Shabala, S. (2012). Physiology of acclimation to salinity stress in pea (Pisum sativum). Environmental and Experimental Botany, 84, 44-51.
Porra, R., Thompson, W., & Kriedemann, P. (1989). Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 975, 384-394.
Seemann, J.R., & Critchley, C. (1985). Effects of salt stress on the growth, ion content, stomatal behaviour and photosynthetic capacity of a salt-sensitive species, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Planta, 164(2), 151-162.
Sen, D.N., & Kasera, P.K. (2001). Biology and physiology of saline plants. In: Handbook of plant and crop physiology, Pessarakli, M. (ed.). (pp. 563-581). Arizona: The university of Arizona.
Tucson Arizona.
Shaukat, M., Wu, J., Fan, M., Hussain, S., Yao, J., & Serafim, M.E. (2019). Acclimation improves salinity tolerance capacity of pea by modulating potassium ions sequestration. Scientia Horticulturae, 254, 193-198.
Siringam, K., Juntawong, N., Cha-um, S. & Kirdmanee, C., (2009). Relationships between sodium ion accumulation and physiological characteristics in rice (Oryza sativa spp. indica) seedlings grown under iso-osmotic salinity stress, Pakistan Journal of Botany, 41, 1837-1850.
Sreenivasulu, N., Grimm, B., Wobus, U. & Weschke, W., (2000). Differential response of antioxidant compounds to salinity stress in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive seedlings of foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Physiologia Plantarum, 109, 435-442.
Sriskantharajah, K., Chuamnakthong, S., Osumi, S., Nampei, M., & Ueda, A. (2021). Varietal differences in salt acclimation ability of rice. Cereal Research Communications, 1-9.
Sultana, N., Ikeda, T., & Itoh, R. (1999). Effect of NaCl salinity on photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation in developing rice grains. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 42, 211-220.
Umezawa, T., Shimizu, K., Kato, M., & Ueda, T. (2000). Enhancement of salt tolerance in soybean with NaCl pretreatment. Physiologia Plantarum, 110, 59-63.
Wangsawang, T., Chuamnakthong, S., Kohnishi, E., Sripichitt, P., Sreewongchai, T., & Ueda, A. (2018). A salinity tolerant japonica cultivar has Na+ exclusion mechanism at leaf sheaths through the function of a Na+ transporter OsHKT1;4 under salinity stress. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 204, 274-284.
Wangsawang, T., Chuamnakthong, S., Ueda, A., & Sreewongchai, T. (2021). Na+ exclusion mechanism in the roots through the function of OsHKT1;5 confers improved tolerance to salt stress in the salt-tolerant developed rice lines. ScienceAsia, 47, 717-726.
Yuvaniyama, A. (2001). Saline soil in the Northeast; Government official handbook on saline soil. Bangkok: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. (in Thai)
Zahir, Z.A., Munir, A., Asghar, H.N., Shaharoona, B., & Arshad, M. (2008). Effectiveness of rhizobacteria containing ACC deaminase for growth promotion of peas (Pisum sativum) under drought conditions. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18, 958-963.
Arunin, S. (1996). Saline soil in Thailand. Bangkok: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. (in Thai)
Bell, H.L., & O'Leary, J.W. (2003). Effects of salinity on growth and cation accumulation of Sporobolus virginicus (Poaceae). American Journal of Botany, 90(10), 1416-1424.
Chuamnakthong, S., Nampei, M., & Ueda, A. (2019). Characterization of Na+ exclusion mechanism in rice under saline-alkaline stress conditions. Plant Science, 287, 110-117.
Dionisio–Sese, M.L., & Tobita, S. (1998). Antioxidant responses of rice seedlings to salinity stress. Plant Science, 135(1), 1-9.
Djanaguiraman, M., Sheeba, J.A., Shankaer, A.K., Devi, D.D., & Bangarusamy, U. (2006). Rice can acclimate to lethal level of salinity by pretreatment with sublethal level of salinity through osmotic adjustment. Plant and Soil, 284, 363-373.
Elsawy, H.I.A., Mekawy, A.M.M., Elhity, M.A., Abdel-dayem, S.M., Abdelaziz, M.N., Assaha, D.V., Ueda, A., & Saneoka, H. (2018). Differential responses of two Egyptian barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars to salt stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 127, 425-435.
Gill, S.S., & Tuteja, N. (2010). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 48(12), 909-930.
Hasanuzzaman, M., & Fujita, M. (2022). Plant responses and tolerance to salt stress: physiological and molecular interventions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23, 4810.
IRRI. (1996). Standard Evaluation System for Rice. (4th edition). Manila: International Rice Research Institute.
Janda, T., Darko, É., Shehata, S., Kovács, V., Pál, M., & Szalai, G. (2016). Salt acclimation processes in wheat. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 101, 68-75.
Kamanga, R.M., Echigo, K., Yodoya, K., Mekawy, A.M.M., & Ueda, A. (2020). Salinity acclimation ameliorates salt stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings by triggering a cascade of physiological processes in the leaves. Scientia Horticulturae, 270, 109434.
Laloknam, S., Suksanchananun, C., Phornphi-sutthimas, S., Sirisopana, S., Limchoowong, S., & Rai, V. (2008). Reduction of salt stress in onion root by glycerol, betaine and proline. In Proceeding The 4th Naresuan Research Conference. Naresuan University.
Land Develop Department. (2015). State of Soil and Land Resources of Thailand. Bangkok: The Agricultural Co-operative Federation of Thailand., LTD. (in Thai)
Lutts, S., Kinet, J.M., & Bouharmont, J. (1995). Change in plant responses to NaCl during development of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties differing in salinity resistance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 46, 1843-1852.
Lutts, S., Kinet, J.M., & Bouharmont, J. (1996). NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Annals of Botany, 78(3), 389-398.
Maas, E.V., & Hoffman, G.J. (1986). Crop salt tolerance-current assessment. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division, 103, 115-134.
Mekawy, A.M.M., Assaha, D.V., Munehiro, R., Kohnishi, E., Nagaoka, T., Ueda, A., & Saneoka, H. (2018). Characterization of type 3 metallothionein-like gene (OsMT-3a) from rice, revealed its ability to confer tolerance to salinity and heavy metal stresses. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 147, 157-166.
Molazem, D., Qurbanov, E.M., & Dunyamaliyev, S.A. (2010). Role of proline, Na and chlorophyll content in salt tolerance of corn (Zea mays L.). American–Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 9(3), 319-324.
Nabil, M., & Coudret, A. (1995). Effects of sodium chloride on growth, tissue elasticity and solute adjustment in two Acacia nilotica subspecies. Physiologia Plantarum, 93(2), 217-224.
Pandolfi, C., Bazihizina, N., Giordano, C., Mancuso, S., & Azzarello, E. (2017). Salt acclimation process: a comparison between a sensitive and a tolerant Olea europaea cultivar. Tree Physiology, 37, 380-388.
Pandolfi, C., Mancuso, S., & Shabala, S. (2012). Physiology of acclimation to salinity stress in pea (Pisum sativum). Environmental and Experimental Botany, 84, 44-51.
Porra, R., Thompson, W., & Kriedemann, P. (1989). Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 975, 384-394.
Seemann, J.R., & Critchley, C. (1985). Effects of salt stress on the growth, ion content, stomatal behaviour and photosynthetic capacity of a salt-sensitive species, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Planta, 164(2), 151-162.
Sen, D.N., & Kasera, P.K. (2001). Biology and physiology of saline plants. In: Handbook of plant and crop physiology, Pessarakli, M. (ed.). (pp. 563-581). Arizona: The university of Arizona.
Tucson Arizona.
Shaukat, M., Wu, J., Fan, M., Hussain, S., Yao, J., & Serafim, M.E. (2019). Acclimation improves salinity tolerance capacity of pea by modulating potassium ions sequestration. Scientia Horticulturae, 254, 193-198.
Siringam, K., Juntawong, N., Cha-um, S. & Kirdmanee, C., (2009). Relationships between sodium ion accumulation and physiological characteristics in rice (Oryza sativa spp. indica) seedlings grown under iso-osmotic salinity stress, Pakistan Journal of Botany, 41, 1837-1850.
Sreenivasulu, N., Grimm, B., Wobus, U. & Weschke, W., (2000). Differential response of antioxidant compounds to salinity stress in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive seedlings of foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Physiologia Plantarum, 109, 435-442.
Sriskantharajah, K., Chuamnakthong, S., Osumi, S., Nampei, M., & Ueda, A. (2021). Varietal differences in salt acclimation ability of rice. Cereal Research Communications, 1-9.
Sultana, N., Ikeda, T., & Itoh, R. (1999). Effect of NaCl salinity on photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation in developing rice grains. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 42, 211-220.
Umezawa, T., Shimizu, K., Kato, M., & Ueda, T. (2000). Enhancement of salt tolerance in soybean with NaCl pretreatment. Physiologia Plantarum, 110, 59-63.
Wangsawang, T., Chuamnakthong, S., Kohnishi, E., Sripichitt, P., Sreewongchai, T., & Ueda, A. (2018). A salinity tolerant japonica cultivar has Na+ exclusion mechanism at leaf sheaths through the function of a Na+ transporter OsHKT1;4 under salinity stress. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 204, 274-284.
Wangsawang, T., Chuamnakthong, S., Ueda, A., & Sreewongchai, T. (2021). Na+ exclusion mechanism in the roots through the function of OsHKT1;5 confers improved tolerance to salt stress in the salt-tolerant developed rice lines. ScienceAsia, 47, 717-726.
Yuvaniyama, A. (2001). Saline soil in the Northeast; Government official handbook on saline soil. Bangkok: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. (in Thai)
Zahir, Z.A., Munir, A., Asghar, H.N., Shaharoona, B., & Arshad, M. (2008). Effectiveness of rhizobacteria containing ACC deaminase for growth promotion of peas (Pisum sativum) under drought conditions. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18, 958-963.
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2023-01-04
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