The Severity of Smog Crisis in Phayao Province, Thailand
Abstract
The smog crisis in Phayao province is the result of city development. Burning has been widely used as a method for preparing crop areas and finding wild products. This problem has substantial adverse effects on many people’s health (both physical and mental health), environments, and social effects. According to the ambient air monitoring results, it has been continuing and extending for many years. Especially, fine particulate matter 2.5 (PM 2.5) refers to blowing dust and smog from the burning process. Therefore, many mitigation measures were settled to prevent and correct this problem. Unfortunately, many obstacles resulted in this ineffective management, such as lack of support budget, knowledge, people participation, etc. This article would point out the overall significant topics concerning the smog crisis in Phayao province, hoping that this will be advantageous to all stakeholders for dealing with it. Keywords: Smog; PM 2.5; Air pollution; BurningReferences
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Government House of Thailand (2021). Annual Inspection Report 2019 to support the main governmental issue about the air pollution prevention. (in Thai)
Jairong, N. & Wangrang, P. (2019). Development of healthy community model for Smog Pollution Prevention in Pong District, Phayao Province. Environmental Journal, 4, 1-13. (in Thai)
Junpen, A., Pansuk, J., Kamnoet, O., Cheewaphongphan, P. & Garivait, S. (2018). Emission of Air Pollutants from Rice Residue Open Burning in Thailand, 2018. Atmosphere, 9(11), 1-23.
Khodmanee, S. & Amnuaylojaroen, T. (2021). Impact of Biomass Burning on Ozone, Carbon Monoxide, and Nitrogen Dioxide in Northern Thailand. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9, 1-6.
Library and Learning Center. (2022). Local information Phayao. University of Phayao, Thailand. Retrieved March 4, 2020, from http://www.clm.up.ac.th/project/local_database/read.php?record=119. (in Thai)
Ling, Z.H., Guo H., Lam, S.H.M., Saunders S.M. & Wang, T. (2014). Atmospheric photochemical reactivity and ozone production at two sites in Hong Kong: Application of a Master Chemical Mechanism–photochemical box model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 119 (11), 10567-10582.
Matz, C. J., Egyed, M., Xi, G., Racine, J., Pavlovic, R., Rittmaster, R., Hendersone, S.B. & Stieb, S.M. (2020). Health impact analysis of PM 2.5 from wildfire smoke in Canada (2013–2015, 2017–2018). Science of The Total Environment, 725, 1-9.
McLellan, T. & Brown, M. (2022). Mushrooms and cash crops can coexist in mountain livelihoods: wild mushrooms as economic and recreational resources in the greater Mekong. Mountain Research and Development, 37(1), 108-120.
Oluwoyea, I., Altarawnehb, M., Gorec, J. & Dlugogorskid, B.Z. (2020). Products of incomplete combustion from biomass reburning. Fuel, 274, 1-6.
Ontawonga, A., Saokaew, S., Jamroendararasame, B. & Duangjai, A. (2020). Impact of long-term exposure wildfire smog on respiratory health outcomes. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 14(5), 527-531.
Pollution Control Department. (2010). Thailand State of Pollution Report 2010. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand. (in Thai)
Pollution Control Department. (2022). Thailand’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand. Retrieved March 1, 2020, from https://www.pcd.go.th/lawstype/ (in Thai)
Pollution Control Department. (2022). Thailand Air Quality and Situation Report 2010. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand. Retrieved March 2, 2020, from http://air4thai.pcd.go.th/webV2/region.php?region=2 (in Thai)
Provincial Office of Natural Resources and Environment Phayao. (2022). Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand. Retrieved March 2, 2020, from http://phayao.mnre.go.th/th/news/detail/53784 (in Thai)
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (1999). Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Why and How They Are Controlled, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. United States.
Zhou, F., Gu, J., Wei Chen, W. & Ni, X. (2019). Measurement of SO2 and NO2 in Ship Plumes Using Rotary Unmanned Aerial System. Atmosphere, 10(11), 1-9.
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Published
2023-01-04
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Scientific Article
