Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Motor Vehicles in Bangkok, Thailand
Abstract
Global warming is a worldwide problem that is growing in importance. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the main cause of global warming has been a priority of policies in almost all countries, including Thailand. Motor vehicles have been the most important source of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the greenhouse gas emissions emitted from motor vehicles in Bangkok by using an International Vehicle Emission (IVE) model. The emission rates of greenhouse gases calculated from measurements by the Automotive Emission Laboratory of Thailand were input into the model as the base emission rates. The results found that greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles were 11,715.47 GgCO2eq. Taxis had the highest greenhouse gas emissions, followed by passenger cars, pickups, motorcycles, trucks, buses, vans, and public motorcycles, accounting for 28.50%, 25.94%, 20.47%, 8.90%, 7.56%, 6.28%, 2.16%, and 0.19%, respectively. The results by considering scenarios designed for reducing greenhouse gas emissions including using low-emission vehicle technology for new vehicles, reducing the use of personal motor vehicles, switching to public transport, and eliminating vehicles older than 15 years, the implementation of a single mitigation measure may not be able to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles. However, using an integrated approach that combines all mitigation measures could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 23.68%. Keywords : Greenhouse gas ; vehicle ; Bangkok ; emission factor ; International Vehicle Emission modelReferences
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Department of Land Transport (DLT). (2020). Vehicle Statistics. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from
https://web.dlt.go.th/statistics/ (in Thai)
Energy Policy and Planning office (EPPO). (2021). Energy Statistics of Thailand 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021,
from http://www.eppo.go.th/index.php/th/informationservices/ct-menu-item-56 (in Thai)
Feng, X., Wang, T. & Zhao, Q. (2013). The Application of the IVE Model for Establishing the Vehicle Emission
Inventory in the urban areas of Chongqing. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 361-363, 854-859.
Ghadiri, Z., Rashidi, Y. & Broomandi, P. (2017). Evaluation Euro IV of effectiveness in transportation systems of
Tehran on air quality: Application of IVE model. Pollution, 3(4), 639-653.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories; Chapter 3: Mobile Combustion. Retrieved December 10, 2020, from https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/ 2_Volume2/V2_3_Ch3_Mobile_Combustion.pdf
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2014). Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report. Retrieved
December 10, 2020, from https://ar5-syr.ipcc.ch/ipcc/ipcc/resources/pdf/IPCC_SynthesisReport.pdf
International Sustainable Systems Research Center (ISSRC) (2008). IVE Model Users Manual Version 2.0.
Kalajahi, M.J., Khazini, L., Rashidi, Y. & Heris, S.Z. (2019). Development of Reduction Scenarios Based on Urban
Emission Estimation and Dispersion of Exhaust Pollutants from Light Duty Public Transport: Case of
Tabriz, Iran. Emission Control Science and Technology, 6, 86–104.
Limanond, Th., Pongthanaisawan, J., Watthanaklang, D., & Sangphong, O. (2009). An Analysis of Vehicle
Kilometers of Travel of Major Cities in Thailand. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from
https://www.atransociety.com/resources/pdf/pdfResearch2010/FR101116_-_VKT_EstimationDrThirayoot.pdf
Myhre, G., D. Shindell, F.-M. Bréon, W. Collins, J. Fuglestvedt, J. Huang, D. Koch, J.-F. Lamarque, D. Lee, B.
Mendoza, T. Nakajima, A. Robock, G. Stephens, T. Takemura & H. Zhang. (2013). Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
National Statistical Office of Thailand (NSO). (2020). Energy Consumption Statistics. Retrieved December 01,
2020, from http://statbbi.nso.go.th/staticreport/page/sector/th/13.aspx (in Thai)
Noichaisin, L. (2018). Carbon Dioxide Emission from Human Activities: A Case Study of Watthana Nakhon
Municipal District, Watthana Nakhon District, Sa Kaeo Province. Burapha Science Journal, 22(3), 157-167.
Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP). (2021a). Thailand’s Nationally
Determined Contribution Roadmap on Mitigation 2021-2030. Retrieved January 15, 2021, from https://climate.onep.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/NDC-Roadmap-for-Printing.pdf (in Thai)
Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP). (2021b). Thailand's third National
Communication to the UNFCCC. Retrieved January 15, 2021, https://climate.onep.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/UNDP_Booklet_310120.pdf (in Thai)
Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP). (2021c). Handbook on
Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) of Greenhouse Gas Inventory of Thailand (Energy and Transportation). Retrieved December 1, 2020, from
https://climate.onep.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/1.Handbook_on_MRV_energytransport.pdf
(in Thai)
Outapa, P. and Thepanondh, S. (2014). Development of Air toxic emission Factor and inventory of On-road Mobile
Sources. Journal of Air Soil and Water Research, 7,1–10.
Outapa, P., Ruangkawsakun, J., Khantee, W. & Thepanondh, S. (2017). Dynamic Air Toxic Emission Factor of
Motorcycles in Bangkok, Thailand. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 16(12), 2823-2830.
Outapa, P., Thepanodh, S., & Kondo, A. (2016). Effect of speed on emissions of air pollutants in urban
environment: Case study of truck emissions. International Journal of GEOMATE, 11(23), 2000–2007.
Outapa, P., Thepanondh, T., Kondo, A. & Pala-En, N. (2018). Development of air pollutant emission factors under
real-world truck driving cycle. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 12(6), 432-440.
Royal Thai Government Gazette. (2021). Regulation of Department and Land Transport on Taxi registered
process for extending the lifetime of a vehicle from 9 years to 12 years. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2564/E/071/T_0004.PDF (in Thai)
Shafie-Pour, M. and Tavakoli, A. (2013). On-Road Vehicle Emissions Forecast Using IVE Simulation Model.
International Journal of Environmental Research, 7(2), 367-376.
Vieweg, M. (2017). Bottom-Up GHG Inventory and MRV of Measures. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale
Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Bonn und Eschborn, Germany. Retrieved December 1, 2020, https://changing-transport.org/wp-content/uploads/2017_ViewegMersman_Bottom-Up_GHG_Inventory.pdf
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Published
2023-01-04
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