Toxicity of Thymol on Non-Target Insect, Springtail (Class Collembola)
Abstract
Thymol is an essential oil extracted from thyme and is well known as a biopesticide that affects on survival, growth, reproduction and physiological function of pest. However, there were a few reports about its toxicity on the non-target insect. Thus, this study evaluated the toxicity of thymol on egg and adult stages of springtails, Entomobrya sp. It found that thymol affected on survival of insects. In egg stage, the estimate median lethal concentration (LC50) value of thymol was 5,507.82 ppm, while sublethal effect inhibited the growth of embryo and delayed the hatching time of the egg, whereas the LC50 value of thymol against Entomobrya adult was 11,685.03, 3,310.58 and 343.73 ppm insect when exposed to thymol 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively. The result showed that thymol was toxic to springtails and the adult stage was higher resistant to thymol than the egg stage. Keywords : springtail Entomobrya sp. ; toxicity ; thymol ; mortalityReferences
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Benelli, G., Pavela, R., Canale, A., Cianfaglione, K., Ciaschetti, G., Conti, F., Nicoletti, M., Senthil-Nathan, S., Mehlhorn, H., & Maggi, F. (2017). Acute larvicidal toxicity of five essential oils (Pinus nigra, Hyssopus officinalis, Satureja montana, Aloysia citrodora and Pelargonium graveolens) against the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus: Synergistic and antagonistic effects. Parasitology International, 66, 166-171.
Bovornnanthadej, T., Boonsoong, B., Taylor, D., Kainoh, Y., Kouland, O., & Bullangpoti, V. (2013). Effect of thymol on reproductive biology of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Science, 78(2), 311-316.
Bullangpoti, V., Pensook, J., Wisarntanon, P., Kannasutra, P., & Visetsan, S. (2002). Chili extracts (Capsicum frutescent L.) for the control of corn weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky). Agricultural Science Journal, 33(6), 300-304.
Callahan, S.T., Bidwell, A., Lin, C., DeLuca, H.H., & Tobin, P.C. (2019). Effects of copper exposure and increased temperatures on Collembola in western Washington, USA. City and Environment Interactions, 4, 1-7.
Chiesa, F. (1991). Effective control of Varroatosis using powdered thymol. Apidologie, 22(2), 135-145.
Hopkin, S.P. (2007). A key to the Collembola (Springtails) of Britain and Ireland. UK: Field Studies Council.
Jegede, O.O., Owojori, O.J., & Rombke, J. (2017). Temperature influences the toxicity of deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate to the predatory mite Hypoaspis aculeifer (Acari) and the springtail Folsomia candida (Collembola). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 140, 214-221.
Junhirun, P., Pluempanupatand, W. & Bullangpoti, V. (2012). Toxicological study of Wedelia trilobata (Asteraceae) extracts as alternative control strategies for Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Science, 77(7), 721-726.
Laurin, A., Hummelbrunner, B.I., & Murray, B.I. (2001). Acute, Sublethal, Antifeedant, and Synergistic effects of Monoterpenoid Essential Oil Compounds on The Tobacco Cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lep., Noctuidae). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49, 715-720.
Lee, S., Tsao, R., Peterson, C., & Coats, J.R. (1997). Insectidal activity of monoterpenoids to western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), two spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) and house fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 90(4), 883-892.
Lee, Y-S., Son, J., Wee, J., Kim, Y., Hong, J., & Cho, K. (2020). A reconsideration of the safety of fenoxycarb (IGR) in soil environment: The toxicity of fenoxycarb to Yuukianura szeptyckii (Colllembola). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 23(1), 214-218.
Mansour, S.A., Messeha, S.S., & El-Gengaihi, S.E. (2000). Botanical biocides. 4. Mosquitocidal activity of certain Thymus capitatus constituents. Journal of Natural Toxins, 9(1), 49-62.
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Park, J-H., Jeon, Y-J., Lee, C-H., Chung, N., & Lee, H-S. (2017). Insecticidal toxicities of carvacrol and thymol derived from Thymus vulgaris Lin. Against Pochazia shantungensis Chou & Lu., newly recorded pest. Scientific Reports, 7, 40902.
Somjit, C., Kumrugsee, N., Pluempanupat, W. & Bullanpoti, V. (2015). Insecticidal activities of thymol on egg production and development in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera). Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Science, 80(2), 187-192.
Tabari, M.A., Youssefi, M.R., Maggi, F., & Benelli, G. (2017). Toxic and repellent activity of selected monterpenoids (thymol, carvacrol and linalool) against the castor bean tick, Ixodes Ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae). Veterinary Parasitology, 245, 86-91.
Waliwitiya, R., Belton, P., Nicholson, R.A., & Lowenberger, C.A. (2009). Effects of the essential oil constituent thymol and other neuroactive chemicals on flight motor activity and wing beat frequency in the blowfly Phaenicia serica
Benelli, G., Pavela, R., Canale, A., Cianfaglione, K., Ciaschetti, G., Conti, F., Nicoletti, M., Senthil-Nathan, S., Mehlhorn, H., & Maggi, F. (2017). Acute larvicidal toxicity of five essential oils (Pinus nigra, Hyssopus officinalis, Satureja montana, Aloysia citrodora and Pelargonium graveolens) against the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus: Synergistic and antagonistic effects. Parasitology International, 66, 166-171.
Bovornnanthadej, T., Boonsoong, B., Taylor, D., Kainoh, Y., Kouland, O., & Bullangpoti, V. (2013). Effect of thymol on reproductive biology of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Science, 78(2), 311-316.
Bullangpoti, V., Pensook, J., Wisarntanon, P., Kannasutra, P., & Visetsan, S. (2002). Chili extracts (Capsicum frutescent L.) for the control of corn weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky). Agricultural Science Journal, 33(6), 300-304.
Callahan, S.T., Bidwell, A., Lin, C., DeLuca, H.H., & Tobin, P.C. (2019). Effects of copper exposure and increased temperatures on Collembola in western Washington, USA. City and Environment Interactions, 4, 1-7.
Chiesa, F. (1991). Effective control of Varroatosis using powdered thymol. Apidologie, 22(2), 135-145.
Hopkin, S.P. (2007). A key to the Collembola (Springtails) of Britain and Ireland. UK: Field Studies Council.
Jegede, O.O., Owojori, O.J., & Rombke, J. (2017). Temperature influences the toxicity of deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate to the predatory mite Hypoaspis aculeifer (Acari) and the springtail Folsomia candida (Collembola). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 140, 214-221.
Junhirun, P., Pluempanupatand, W. & Bullangpoti, V. (2012). Toxicological study of Wedelia trilobata (Asteraceae) extracts as alternative control strategies for Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Science, 77(7), 721-726.
Laurin, A., Hummelbrunner, B.I., & Murray, B.I. (2001). Acute, Sublethal, Antifeedant, and Synergistic effects of Monoterpenoid Essential Oil Compounds on The Tobacco Cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lep., Noctuidae). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49, 715-720.
Lee, S., Tsao, R., Peterson, C., & Coats, J.R. (1997). Insectidal activity of monoterpenoids to western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), two spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) and house fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 90(4), 883-892.
Lee, Y-S., Son, J., Wee, J., Kim, Y., Hong, J., & Cho, K. (2020). A reconsideration of the safety of fenoxycarb (IGR) in soil environment: The toxicity of fenoxycarb to Yuukianura szeptyckii (Colllembola). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 23(1), 214-218.
Mansour, S.A., Messeha, S.S., & El-Gengaihi, S.E. (2000). Botanical biocides. 4. Mosquitocidal activity of certain Thymus capitatus constituents. Journal of Natural Toxins, 9(1), 49-62.
Office of Agricultural Economics. (2021). import and export. Retrieved October 16, 2021, from http://impexp.oae.go.th/service/
Office of Agricultural Regulation. (2021). Summary of the import of pesticides in agriculture. Retrieved October 16, 2021, from https://www.doa.go.th/ard/?
Oliveira, A.P., Santos, A.A., Santana, A.S., Lima, A.P.S., Melo, C.R., Santana, E.D.R., Sampaio, T.S., Blank, A.F., Araújo, A.P.A., Cristaldo, P.F., & Bacci, L. (2018). Essential oil of Lippia sidoides and its major compound thymol: Toxicity and walking response of populations of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Crop Protection, 112, 33-38.
Park, J-H., Jeon, Y-J., Lee, C-H., Chung, N., & Lee, H-S. (2017). Insecticidal toxicities of carvacrol and thymol derived from Thymus vulgaris Lin. Against Pochazia shantungensis Chou & Lu., newly recorded pest. Scientific Reports, 7, 40902.
Somjit, C., Kumrugsee, N., Pluempanupat, W. & Bullanpoti, V. (2015). Insecticidal activities of thymol on egg production and development in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera). Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Science, 80(2), 187-192.
Tabari, M.A., Youssefi, M.R., Maggi, F., & Benelli, G. (2017). Toxic and repellent activity of selected monterpenoids (thymol, carvacrol and linalool) against the castor bean tick, Ixodes Ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae). Veterinary Parasitology, 245, 86-91.
Waliwitiya, R., Belton, P., Nicholson, R.A., & Lowenberger, C.A. (2009). Effects of the essential oil constituent thymol and other neuroactive chemicals on flight motor activity and wing beat frequency in the blowfly Phaenicia serica
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2023-01-04
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