Esterification Reaction of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate with Isopropanol in a Continuous Oscillatory Baffled Reactor
Abstract
Alkylester or biodiesel has been used to replace petroleum-diesel due to the reduction of air-pollutants. However, its main problems are high production cost and low cold flow properties. This research work studied a synthesis of alkylesters from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), an inexpensive feedstock isopropanol which is a branched and small size alcohol by esterification reaction with sulfuric acid. An oscillatory baffled reactor was set at a constant frequency of 4.5 Hz and amplitude of 9-15 mm. to obtain a perfect mixing inside each cavity. The objective of this work was to study effects of alcohol to PFAD molar ratio and residence time on a percentage of free fatty acids conversion (% FFA conversion). The results showed that under the amount of FFA was reduced from 85 to below 28.6±5.1 within 3-9 min under studied conditions. Both molar ratio of alcohol to PFAD and time affected on %FFA conversion. A FFA conversion increases with an increase in the amount of alcohol and reaction time. Keywords: Free fatty acid; Palm fatty acid distillate; Esterification; Oscillatory baffled reactorReferences
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Dossin, T.F., Reyniers, M-F & Marin, G.B. (2006). Kinetics of heterogeneously MgO-catalyzed transesterification. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 62(1-2), 35-45.
Dunn, R.O., Wyatt, V.T., Wagner, K., Ngo, H. & Hums, M.E. (2019) The Effect of Branched-Chain Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters on the Cold-Flow Properties of Biodiesel, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 96(7), 805-823.
Encinara, J.M., González, J.F., Pardal, A., & Martínez, G. (2010) Rape oil transesterification over heterogeneous catalysts. Fuel Processing Technology, 91(11) 1530-1536.
Gaurav, A., Dumas, S., Mai, T.Q. C., & Ng, T.T. F. (2019). A kinetic model for a single step biodiesel production from a high free fatty acid (FFA) biodiesel feedstock over a solid heteropolyacid catalyst. Green Energy
& Environment, 4, 328-341.
Musa, I.A. (2016) The effects of alcohol to oil molar ratios and the type of alcohol on biodiesel production using transesterification process. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 25, 21-31.
Michael Barnard, T., Leasbeater, N.E., Boucher, M.B., Stencel, L.M., & Wilhite, B.A. (2007) Continuous-flow preparation of biodiesel using microwave heating, Energy & Fuels, 21, 1777-1781.
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Okoronkwo, M.U., Galadima, A., & Leke, L. (2012). Advances in biodiesel synthesis: from past to present. Applied Chemistry, 43, 6924-6945.
Ramadhas, A.S., Jayaraj, S. and Muraleedharan, C. (2005) Biodiesel production from high FFA rubber seed oil. Fuel, 84, 335-340.
Santikunaporn M, Techopittayakul T. and Asavatesanupap C (2018) Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil Using An Oscillatory Baffled Reactor, International Journal of Chemical and Materials Engineering, 12(9),
442-445.
Santikunaporn, M., Techopittayakul, T., Echaroj, S., Chavadej, S., Chen, Y., Yuan, M., & Asavatesanupap, C. (2020) Optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in a continuous mesoscale oscillatory baffled reactor, Engineering Journal, 24(2), 19-28.
Soufi, M. D., Ghobadian, B., Najafi, G., Mohamad Mousavi, S., and Aubin, J. (2017) Optimizationof Methyl Esters Production from Waste Cooking Oil in A Batch Tri-Orifice Oscillatory Baffled Reactor, Fuel Processing Technology. 167, 641-647.
Talebian-Kiakalaieh, A, Amin, NAS.& Mazaheri, H. (2013) A review novel processes of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil, Applied Energy, 104, 683-710.
Viswanathan, B. and Ramaswamy, A.V. (2007), Selection of solid heterogenous catalysts for trans-esterification reaction, NCCR India internal Bulletin.
Chongkhong, S., Kanjaikaew, U., Tongurai, C. (2012). A Review of FFA Esterification for Biodiesel Production. in The 10th International PSU Engineering Conference. Hat Yai, Thailand.
Dossin, T.F., Reyniers, M-F & Marin, G.B. (2006). Kinetics of heterogeneously MgO-catalyzed transesterification. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 62(1-2), 35-45.
Dunn, R.O., Wyatt, V.T., Wagner, K., Ngo, H. & Hums, M.E. (2019) The Effect of Branched-Chain Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters on the Cold-Flow Properties of Biodiesel, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 96(7), 805-823.
Encinara, J.M., González, J.F., Pardal, A., & Martínez, G. (2010) Rape oil transesterification over heterogeneous catalysts. Fuel Processing Technology, 91(11) 1530-1536.
Gaurav, A., Dumas, S., Mai, T.Q. C., & Ng, T.T. F. (2019). A kinetic model for a single step biodiesel production from a high free fatty acid (FFA) biodiesel feedstock over a solid heteropolyacid catalyst. Green Energy
& Environment, 4, 328-341.
Musa, I.A. (2016) The effects of alcohol to oil molar ratios and the type of alcohol on biodiesel production using transesterification process. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 25, 21-31.
Michael Barnard, T., Leasbeater, N.E., Boucher, M.B., Stencel, L.M., & Wilhite, B.A. (2007) Continuous-flow preparation of biodiesel using microwave heating, Energy & Fuels, 21, 1777-1781.
Narin Tonpaiboon. (2020). Krungsri Research. Retrieved Mar 15, 2021, from https://www.krungsri.com/th/research/industry/industry-outlook/Energy-Utilities/Biodiesel/IO/io-biodiesel-20.
Okoronkwo, M.U., Galadima, A., & Leke, L. (2012). Advances in biodiesel synthesis: from past to present. Applied Chemistry, 43, 6924-6945.
Ramadhas, A.S., Jayaraj, S. and Muraleedharan, C. (2005) Biodiesel production from high FFA rubber seed oil. Fuel, 84, 335-340.
Santikunaporn M, Techopittayakul T. and Asavatesanupap C (2018) Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil Using An Oscillatory Baffled Reactor, International Journal of Chemical and Materials Engineering, 12(9),
442-445.
Santikunaporn, M., Techopittayakul, T., Echaroj, S., Chavadej, S., Chen, Y., Yuan, M., & Asavatesanupap, C. (2020) Optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in a continuous mesoscale oscillatory baffled reactor, Engineering Journal, 24(2), 19-28.
Soufi, M. D., Ghobadian, B., Najafi, G., Mohamad Mousavi, S., and Aubin, J. (2017) Optimizationof Methyl Esters Production from Waste Cooking Oil in A Batch Tri-Orifice Oscillatory Baffled Reactor, Fuel Processing Technology. 167, 641-647.
Talebian-Kiakalaieh, A, Amin, NAS.& Mazaheri, H. (2013) A review novel processes of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil, Applied Energy, 104, 683-710.
Viswanathan, B. and Ramaswamy, A.V. (2007), Selection of solid heterogenous catalysts for trans-esterification reaction, NCCR India internal Bulletin.
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2022-05-18
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