Optimum Carbon and Nitrogen Sources for Enhancing Bioactive Compound Production of Isaria tenuipes
Abstract
The objective of this study was to find out the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources for enhancing bioactive compound production of Isaria tenuipes, Snow-flake Dongchunghacho. Isaria tenuipes was cultivated on five different carbon sources - Riceberry rice, Sungyod rice, Hom Nil rice, Mun-pu rice, and Luem Pua glutinous rice. The significantly highest dry weight (p≤0.5) of Isaria tenuipes itself was from Riceberry rice carbon source, at 2.16 ± 0.11 g/100 g of substrate. The highest yields of bioactive compounds were the following: cordycepin (1.03 ± 0.04 mg/g), adenosine (7.5 ± 0.04 mg/g) and polysaccharides (0.23 ± 0.01 mg/g) obtained from Luem Pua Glutinous rice carbon source. Riceberry rice carbon source also provided the highest yield of adenosine. In another experiment, six nitrogen sources were assessed—yeast extract, peptone, egg, ground soybean, tryptone, and yeast extract combined with peptone. The highest yields of I. tenuipes and the bioactive compounds were the following: dry weight of the fruiting body (1.81 ± 0.03 g/100 g of substrate), yield of cordycepin (1.39 ± 0.10 mg/g), yield of adenosine (14.86 ± 1.52 mg/g) and yield of polysaccharides (0.24 ± 0.003 mg/g), all of which were obtained from egg nitrogen source. These findings may directly benefit to small farms and industrial scales of I. tenuipes cultivations in their effort to harvest the highest amount of its bioactive compounds.References
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Chandra, PP., & Shoji, O. (2007). Submerged culture conditions for mycelial yield and polysaccharides production by Lyophyllum decastes. Food Chemistry, 105(2), 641-646.
Che, JH., Yun, JW., Che, EY., Kim, SH., Kim, YS., Kim, WH., Park, JH., Son, WC., Kim, MK., & Kang, BC. (2014). Toxicologic assessment of Paecilomyces tenuipes in rats: Renal toxicity and mutagenic potential. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 70(2), 527-534.
Chen, XM., Lu, JX., Zhang, YD., He, JT., Guo, XZ., Tian, GY., & Jin, LQ. (2008). Studies of macrophage immuno-modulating activity of polysaccharides isolated from Paecilomyces tenuipes, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 43(3), 252-256.
Chaichana, T., Kulsarin, J., Suttiprapan, P., Buranapanichpan, S., & Tapingkae, T. (2019). Strain improvement of Cordyceps tenuipes (Peck) for Snowflake Cordyceps production on silkworm pupae. Journal of Agriculture, 35(3), 355-364. (in Thai)
Chioza, A., & Ohga, S. (2013). Mycelial Growth of Paecilomyces hepiali in Various Agar Media and Yield of Fruit Bodies in Rice Based Media. Advances in Microbiology, 3, 529-536.
Das, SK., Masuda, M., Sakurai, A., & Sakukabara, M. (2010). Medicinal uses of the mushroom Codyceps militaris: Current state and prospects. Fitoterapia, 81(8), 961-968.
Deng, Y., Kim, BY., Park, MJ., Ok, M., Lee, KS., & Jin, BR. (2020). Paecilomyces tenuipes extracts affect lipid and glucose metabolic parameters similarly to Cordyceps militaris extracts. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 23(3), 746-755.
Dubois, M., Gilles, KA., Hamilton, JK., Rebers, PA., & Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28, 350-356.
Fang, QH. & Zhong, JJ. (2002). Submerged fermentation of higher fungus Ganoderma lucidum for production of valuable bioactive metabolites—ganoderic acid and polysaccharide. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 10(1), 61-65.
Huang, L., Li, QZ., Chen, YY., Wang, XF., & Zhou XW. (2009). Determination and analysis of cordycepin and adenosine in the products of Cordyceps spp. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 3, 957-961.
Kang, C., Wen, TC., Kang, JC., Meng, ZB., Li, GR., & Hyde, KD. (2014). Optimization of large-scale culture conditions for the production of cordycepin with Cordyceps militaris by liquid static culture. The Scientific World Journal, 4, 1-15.
Kim, HC., Choi, BS., Sapkota, K., Kim, S., Lee, HJ., Yoo, JC., & Kim, SJ. (2011). Purification and characterization of a novel, highly potent fibrinolytic enzyme from Paecilomyces tenuipes. Process Biochemistry, 46(8),
1545-1553.
Kim, HO., & Yun, JW. (2005). A comparative study on the production of exopolysaccharides between two entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps sinensis in submerged mycelial cultures. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 99(4), 728-738.
Koh, JB., & Choi, MA. (2003). Effect of Paecilomyces japonica on lipid metabolism in rats fed high fat diet. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 32(2), 238–243.
Lu, R., Miyakoshi, T., Tian, GY., & Yoshida, T. (2007). Structural studies of Paecilomyces tenuipes Samson polysaccharide-part-2. Carbohydrate Polymers, 67(3), 343-346.
Miller, G. (1959). Use of dinitrisalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugars. Analytical Chemistry, 31, 426-429.
Nam, KS., Jo, YS., Kim, YH., Hyun, JW., & Kim, HW. (2001). Cytotoxic activities of acetoxyscirpenediol and ergosterol peroxide from Paecilomyces tenuipes. Life Sciences, 69, 229-237.
Park, JH., Park, NS., Lee, SM., & Park, E. (2011). Effect of Dongchunghacho rice on blood glucose level, lipid profile, and antioxidant metabolism in Streptozotocin induced Diabetic rats. Food Science and Biotechnology, 20(4), 933-940.
Park, YH., Moon, EK., Shin, YK., Bae, MA., Kim, JG., & Kim, YH. (2000). Antitumor activity of Paecilomyces japonica is mediated by apoptotic cell-death. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 10, 16-20.
Shin, KH., Lim, SS., Lee, S., Lee, YS., Jung, SH., & Cho, SY. (2003). Anti-tumour and immuno-stimulating activities of the fruiting bodies of Paecilomyces japonica, a new type of Cordyceps spp. Phytotherapy Research, 17(7), 830-833.
Tapingkae, T. (2016). Commercial Cordyceps mushroom cultivation. (2nd Ed.). Bangkok: Fram-Up Design LTD. Part. (in Thai)
Wang, JQ., Kan, LJ., Nie, SP., Chen, HH., Cui, SW., Phillips, AO., Phillips, GO., Li, YJ., an& Xia, MY. (2015). A comparison of chemical composition, bioactive components and antioxidant activity of natural and cultured Cordyceps sinensis. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 63(1), 2-7.
Xu, CP., Sinha, J., Bae, JT., Kim, SW., & Yun, JW. (2006). Optimization of physical parameters for exo-biopolymer production in submerged mycelial cultures of two entomopathogenic fungi Paecilomyces japonica and Paecilomyces tenuipes. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 42, 501-506.
Zhang, JX., Wen, CT., Duan, YG., Zhang, HH., & Ma, HL. (2019). Advance in Cordyceps militaris (Linn) polysaccharide: Isolation, structure, and bioactivities: A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 132, 906-914.
Zhu ZY, Liu XC, Tang YL, Dong FY, Sun HQ, Chen L, Zhang YM. (2016). Effects of cultural medium on the formation and antitumor activity of polysaccharides by Cordyceps gunnii. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 122: 494-498.
Chandra, PP., & Shoji, O. (2007). Submerged culture conditions for mycelial yield and polysaccharides production by Lyophyllum decastes. Food Chemistry, 105(2), 641-646.
Che, JH., Yun, JW., Che, EY., Kim, SH., Kim, YS., Kim, WH., Park, JH., Son, WC., Kim, MK., & Kang, BC. (2014). Toxicologic assessment of Paecilomyces tenuipes in rats: Renal toxicity and mutagenic potential. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 70(2), 527-534.
Chen, XM., Lu, JX., Zhang, YD., He, JT., Guo, XZ., Tian, GY., & Jin, LQ. (2008). Studies of macrophage immuno-modulating activity of polysaccharides isolated from Paecilomyces tenuipes, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 43(3), 252-256.
Chaichana, T., Kulsarin, J., Suttiprapan, P., Buranapanichpan, S., & Tapingkae, T. (2019). Strain improvement of Cordyceps tenuipes (Peck) for Snowflake Cordyceps production on silkworm pupae. Journal of Agriculture, 35(3), 355-364. (in Thai)
Chioza, A., & Ohga, S. (2013). Mycelial Growth of Paecilomyces hepiali in Various Agar Media and Yield of Fruit Bodies in Rice Based Media. Advances in Microbiology, 3, 529-536.
Das, SK., Masuda, M., Sakurai, A., & Sakukabara, M. (2010). Medicinal uses of the mushroom Codyceps militaris: Current state and prospects. Fitoterapia, 81(8), 961-968.
Deng, Y., Kim, BY., Park, MJ., Ok, M., Lee, KS., & Jin, BR. (2020). Paecilomyces tenuipes extracts affect lipid and glucose metabolic parameters similarly to Cordyceps militaris extracts. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 23(3), 746-755.
Dubois, M., Gilles, KA., Hamilton, JK., Rebers, PA., & Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28, 350-356.
Fang, QH. & Zhong, JJ. (2002). Submerged fermentation of higher fungus Ganoderma lucidum for production of valuable bioactive metabolites—ganoderic acid and polysaccharide. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 10(1), 61-65.
Huang, L., Li, QZ., Chen, YY., Wang, XF., & Zhou XW. (2009). Determination and analysis of cordycepin and adenosine in the products of Cordyceps spp. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 3, 957-961.
Kang, C., Wen, TC., Kang, JC., Meng, ZB., Li, GR., & Hyde, KD. (2014). Optimization of large-scale culture conditions for the production of cordycepin with Cordyceps militaris by liquid static culture. The Scientific World Journal, 4, 1-15.
Kim, HC., Choi, BS., Sapkota, K., Kim, S., Lee, HJ., Yoo, JC., & Kim, SJ. (2011). Purification and characterization of a novel, highly potent fibrinolytic enzyme from Paecilomyces tenuipes. Process Biochemistry, 46(8),
1545-1553.
Kim, HO., & Yun, JW. (2005). A comparative study on the production of exopolysaccharides between two entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps sinensis in submerged mycelial cultures. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 99(4), 728-738.
Koh, JB., & Choi, MA. (2003). Effect of Paecilomyces japonica on lipid metabolism in rats fed high fat diet. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 32(2), 238–243.
Lu, R., Miyakoshi, T., Tian, GY., & Yoshida, T. (2007). Structural studies of Paecilomyces tenuipes Samson polysaccharide-part-2. Carbohydrate Polymers, 67(3), 343-346.
Miller, G. (1959). Use of dinitrisalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugars. Analytical Chemistry, 31, 426-429.
Nam, KS., Jo, YS., Kim, YH., Hyun, JW., & Kim, HW. (2001). Cytotoxic activities of acetoxyscirpenediol and ergosterol peroxide from Paecilomyces tenuipes. Life Sciences, 69, 229-237.
Park, JH., Park, NS., Lee, SM., & Park, E. (2011). Effect of Dongchunghacho rice on blood glucose level, lipid profile, and antioxidant metabolism in Streptozotocin induced Diabetic rats. Food Science and Biotechnology, 20(4), 933-940.
Park, YH., Moon, EK., Shin, YK., Bae, MA., Kim, JG., & Kim, YH. (2000). Antitumor activity of Paecilomyces japonica is mediated by apoptotic cell-death. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 10, 16-20.
Shin, KH., Lim, SS., Lee, S., Lee, YS., Jung, SH., & Cho, SY. (2003). Anti-tumour and immuno-stimulating activities of the fruiting bodies of Paecilomyces japonica, a new type of Cordyceps spp. Phytotherapy Research, 17(7), 830-833.
Tapingkae, T. (2016). Commercial Cordyceps mushroom cultivation. (2nd Ed.). Bangkok: Fram-Up Design LTD. Part. (in Thai)
Wang, JQ., Kan, LJ., Nie, SP., Chen, HH., Cui, SW., Phillips, AO., Phillips, GO., Li, YJ., an& Xia, MY. (2015). A comparison of chemical composition, bioactive components and antioxidant activity of natural and cultured Cordyceps sinensis. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 63(1), 2-7.
Xu, CP., Sinha, J., Bae, JT., Kim, SW., & Yun, JW. (2006). Optimization of physical parameters for exo-biopolymer production in submerged mycelial cultures of two entomopathogenic fungi Paecilomyces japonica and Paecilomyces tenuipes. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 42, 501-506.
Zhang, JX., Wen, CT., Duan, YG., Zhang, HH., & Ma, HL. (2019). Advance in Cordyceps militaris (Linn) polysaccharide: Isolation, structure, and bioactivities: A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 132, 906-914.
Zhu ZY, Liu XC, Tang YL, Dong FY, Sun HQ, Chen L, Zhang YM. (2016). Effects of cultural medium on the formation and antitumor activity of polysaccharides by Cordyceps gunnii. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 122: 494-498.
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2021-09-07
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