The Quantity of Metal Elements in Sand of Mai Khao Beach Phuket Province
Abstract
Proportion of grain size of sand and metal quantity (Al, Fe, Mg, Sr, Ti, Rb, Cu, Cr, Mn, Pb and Zn) in sand on Mai Khao beach, Phuket Province were studied to present the persistence of such metals in sand, which was the habitat of marine benthos. This study was very important, because some marine benthos such as mole crabs were found in only Mai Khao beach area. The results obtained showed the environment that was suitable for such a marine benthos. Trace elements (Cu, Cr, Mn, Pb and Zn) were analyzed by geochemistry method, whereas main elements (Al, Fe, Mg, Sr, Ti and Rb) were analyzed using X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF). The results showed that sand particles with a size of more than 250 microns were found in the largest portion. Fine sand and very fine sand were found in moderate and the smallest portions, respectively. Moreover, main element quantities were found to be Al > Fe > Mg > Sr > Ti > Rb, whereas trace element quantities were found to be Cu > Mn > Zn > Cr. However, Pb was in least amount, then it could not be detected by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). In addition, Cu was found in only one station from total 10 sampling stations, and the amount of Cu was found to be 88.1 mg/kg, which was higher than that stated for standard value (< 21.5 mg/kg). Nevertheless, other metals in sand were assumed that they were in the sand, which came from the decay of natural substances on land and some had been blown up from the ocean in the past. Keyword : metal content ; sand ; Mai Khao Beach ; Phuket provinceReferences
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Takarina, N.D. & Adiwibowo, A., (2010). Content of Heavy Metals (Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) in Macrozoobenthos at Jakarta Bay. Journal of Coastal Development, 10 (1), 75-80.
Tóth, T., Kovács, Z.A. & Rékási, M. (2019). XRF-measured rubidium concentration is the best predictor variable for estimating the soil clay content and salinity of semi-humid soils in two catenas. Geoderma, 342, 106-108.
Turekian, K.K. & Wedepohl, K.H. (1961). Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 72(2), 175-192.
Turekian, K.K. & Wedepohl, K.H. (1961). Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 72(2), 175-192.
van Gosen, B.S. & Ellefsen, K.J. (2018). Titanium Mineral Resources in Heavy-Mineral Sands in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the Southeastern United States. Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5045, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Xie, S., Dearing, J.A., Bloemendal, J., Boyle, J.F. & Morse, A.P. (2001) Association between magnetic properties and element concentrations of Liverpool street dust and it’s implications. J. App. Geophys. 48, 83-92.
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1821–1831
Byers, H.L., McHenry, L.J. & Grundl, T.J., (2019). XRF techniques to quantify heavy metals in vegetables at low detection limits. Food Chemistry, X 1, 1-10.
Cabrini, T.M.B., Barboza, C.A.M., Skinner, V.B., Hauser-Davis, R.A., Rocha, R.C., Saint'Pierre, T.D., Valentin, J.L. and Cardoso, R.S. (2017). Heavy metal contamination in sandy beach macrofauna communities from the Rio de Janeiro coast, Southeastern Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 221, 116-129.
Duncan, A., Vries, N. & Nyarko, K. (2018). Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Sediments of the River Pra and Its Tributaries. Water Air Soil Pollut, 229(272), 1-10.
Garson, M.S., Young, B., Mitchell, A.H.G., Tait, B.A.R., Bateson, J.H., Cogger, N., Johnson, R.L., Prewett, W.G. & Stephens, E.A. (1975). The Geology of the Tin Belt in Peninsular Thailand around Phuket, Phangnga and Takua Pa, first ed. HMSO, London.
Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Res, 14, 975-1001.
Hashim, N.O., Kinyua, A.M., Mangala, M.J. & Rathore, I.V.S. (1998). EDXRF Analysis of Lead Other Toxic Trace Elements in Soil Sample Along Two Major Highways of Kenya. Radiat. Phys. Chem, 51(4-6), 629-630.
Hayden, B. & Dolan, R. (1974). Impact of beach nourishment on distribution of Emerita talpoisa, the common mole crab. Journal of the waterways harbors and coastal engineering division, 123-132.
Howard, A.K. (1986). Soil classification handbook : unified soil classification system. Denver, Colo. :Geotechnical Branch, Division of Research and Laboratory Services, Engineering and Research Center, Bureau of Reclamation.
Kadhum, S.A., Ishak, M.Y. & Zulkifli, S.Z. (2015). Evaluation and assessment of baseline metal contamination in surface sediments from the Bernam River, Malaysia. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res, 23(7), 6312-6321.
Khongsang, A., Suteerasak, T. & Chongsrirattanakun, W. (2018). Contamination of Heavy Metals in Sediment, Polychaetes and Cockles in the Bang Yai River Estuary, Phuket Province. KMUTT Research and Development Journal, 41 (4), 439-454. (in Thai)
Koi, K., Nagorny, V., Miseckaite, O. & Mazhaysky, Y.A. (2018). Strontium content in sandy soils in agriculture fields (case study : Moudou, Chad). AGROFOR International Journal, 3(2), 121-128.
McLean, R. F. & Kirk, R. M. (1969). Relationships between grain size, sizesorting, and foreshore slope on mixed sand - shingle beaches. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 12(1), 138-155.
Muller, G. (1969). Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geol. J. , 2 (3), 108-118.
Müller, G. (1981). The heavy metal pollution of the sediments of Neckars and its tributary: A Stocktaking.
Chem. Ztg., 105, 157-164.
Musika, C., Wongsudawan, W. & Munhaphon, A. (2013). Distribution and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Inner Gulf of Thailand. In Proceedings The 4th Marine Science Conference. (569-580) Thailand. (In Thai)
Phungratsamee, T., 1988, “General Geology.” O S Printing house. Bangkok. (in Thai)
Potts, P.J. (1992). A handbook of silicate rock analysis. Glasow, Blackie & Son Ltd. London.
Pollution Control Department. (2012). The study report: Determination of sediment quality standards in surface water source. Bureau of Waste Management and Hazardous Substances, Pollution Control Department, Bangkok.
(in Thai)
Rizo, O.D., González, F.B., López, J.O.A and Alpízar, O.D. (2015). Heavy metal levels in dune sands from Matanzas urban resorts and Varadero beach (Cuba): Assessment of contamination and ecological risks. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 101, 961-964.
Suteerasak, T. & Bhongsuwan, T. (2008). Contamination of Heavy Metals Al, As, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn and Fe in Sediment from Bang-Yai River in Phuket Province. KMUTT Research and Development Journal, 31 (4),
767-779. (in Thai)
Suteerasak, T. (2017). Applied Physics with Sediment Analysis. Phuket Center print, Phuket. (in Thai)
Suteerasak, T. & Akkajit, P. (2018). Using the Grain Size and Concentration of Pb and Zn in Sediments to Identify the Layer of Sediment from Tsunami in 2547 B.E. (2004 C.E.) in the Bang Yai Estuary, Phuket Bay. Thammasart Science and Technology Journal, 26(3), 459-475. (in Thai)
Suteerasak, T., AkkaJit, P., Chitchiew, N., Ponggannicha, K. and Chongsrirattanakun, W. (2019). Assessment Contamination of Copper, Lead and Zinc in Sediment at Bang Yai Canal, Phuket Province. BURAPHA SCIENCE JOURNAL, 24(1), 1181-1197. (in Thai)
Suteerasak, T., AkkaJit, P., Muangmool, K., Salaeh, N. and Lamai, A. (2020). The Contamination of Lead, Chromium, Copper and Zinc in Sediment at Pak Bang Cannel and Catchment Area, Patong dDistrict, Phuket Province. BURAPHA SCIENCE JOURNAL, 25(3), 1181-1197. (in Thai)
Takarina, N.D. & Adiwibowo, A., (2010). Content of Heavy Metals (Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) in Macrozoobenthos at Jakarta Bay. Journal of Coastal Development, 10 (1), 75-80.
Tóth, T., Kovács, Z.A. & Rékási, M. (2019). XRF-measured rubidium concentration is the best predictor variable for estimating the soil clay content and salinity of semi-humid soils in two catenas. Geoderma, 342, 106-108.
Turekian, K.K. & Wedepohl, K.H. (1961). Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 72(2), 175-192.
Turekian, K.K. & Wedepohl, K.H. (1961). Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 72(2), 175-192.
van Gosen, B.S. & Ellefsen, K.J. (2018). Titanium Mineral Resources in Heavy-Mineral Sands in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the Southeastern United States. Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5045, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
Xie, S., Dearing, J.A., Bloemendal, J., Boyle, J.F. & Morse, A.P. (2001) Association between magnetic properties and element concentrations of Liverpool street dust and it’s implications. J. App. Geophys. 48, 83-92.
Yalcin, F. (2020). Data Analysis of Beach Sands’ Chemical Analysis Using Multivariate Statistical Methods and Heavy Metal Distribution Maps: The Case of Moonlight Beach Sands, Kemer, Antalya, Turkey. Symmetry., 12, 1538, 1-18.
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2021-09-06
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