Effect of EDTA on Cadmium Contaminated Soil Remediation by Hemp (Cannabis sativa)
Abstract
This research aims to study the efficiency of EDTA on the restoration of cadmium-contaminated areas by hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). The experiments were divided into 4 sets including uncontaminated soil (Control Set 1: C1) cadmium-contaminated soil (Control Set 2: C2), cadmium-contaminated soil with EDTA at the mole ratio of 1:1 (T1), and cadmium-contaminated soil with EDTA at the mole ratio of 1:2 (T2). The results showed that EDTA was effective to form the complex with cadmium which resulted in the ease of plant absorption. The highest cadmium accumulation throughout the experiment period was found in T1 in which cadmium accumulation in roots was higher than that of trunks and leaves. However, the cadmium accumulation in the roots of plant grown in T2 (111.37 milligrams per kilogram) was lower than those grown in T1 (120.74 milligrams per kilogram) and C2 (116.55 milligrams per kilogram). This may be caused by the phytotoxicity effects of higher EDTA molar application to the soil. As a consequence, lower cadmium accumulation was found in T2 comparing to the other experimental sets. Low cadmium accumulations in fibers were found in all experimental sets. The results of this study can be used as an alternative remediation technique to restore the cadmium-contaminated soil. In addition, some local products made by the fibers of the hemp can also improve the economic status of the community. As a consequence, the sustainable development in the area can be reached. Keywords : hemp ; cadmium ; EDTA ; phytoremediation ; phytotoxicityReferences
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Beck, R., Kalra, Y., Vaughan, B. & Wolf, A.M. (2000). Soil Analysis–Handbook of Reference Methods. (1).
New York: CRC Press LLC.
Chartrungsun, P. (2018). Hemp control measures. ONCB Journal, 34(2), 47-52. (in Thai)
Chen, Y., Li, X. & Shen, Z. (2004). Leaching and uptake of heavy metals by ten different species of plants during an EDTA-assisted phytoextraction process. Chemosphere, 57(3), 187-196.
Citterio S., Santagostino A. & Fumagalli P. (2003). Heavy metal tolerance and accumulation of Cd, Cr and Ni by Cannabis sativa L.. Plant and Soil, 256, 243–252.
Codex. (2015). General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CODEX STAN 193-1995, last amended in 2015). Retrieved July 20, 2020, from
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Farid M., Ali S., Shakoor M., Bharwana S., Rizvi H., Ehsan S., Tauqeer H., Iftikhar U. & Hannan F. (2013). EDTA Assisted Phytoremediation of Cadmium, Lead and Zinc. Agronomy and Plant Production, 4(11), 2833-2846.
Gavrilescu, M. (2004). Removal of heavy metals from the environment by biosorption. Engineering in Life Sciences, 4, 219–232.
Hadi F., Hussain F. & Hussain M. (2014). Phytoextraction of Pb and Cd; the effect of Urea and EDTA on Cannabis sativa growth under metals stress. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research,
5, 30-39.
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Hunt, R., Causton, D.R., Shipley, B. & Askew, A.P. (2002). A Modern Tool for Classical Plant Growth Analysis. Annals of Botany, 90, 485-488.
Ivanov, K., Zapryanova, P., Krustev, S. & Angelova, V. (2017). Application of scanning electron microscopy and x-ray evaluation of the main digestion methods for determination of macro elements in plant tissue. Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 11(6), 488-493.
Karthika N., Jananee K. & Murugaiyan V. (2016). Remediation of contaminated soil using soil washing-a review. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 6, 13-18.
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Pojanaporn, T. (2009). Effect of EDTA and EDDs on phytoextraction of Chromium and Lead in contaminated soil using Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Master’s thesis, Environmental Science, Chulalongkorn University.
(in Thai)
Razuvaev, G.A., Domrachev, G.A., Suvorova, O.N. and Abakumova, L.G. (1971). Synthesis and stability of mixed sandwich chelate transition metal complexes. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 32(1),
113-120.
Salimi, M., Amin, M., Ebrahimi, A., Ghazifard, A. & Najafi, P. (2012). Influence of electrical conductivity on the phytoremediation of contaminated soils to Cd 2+ and Zn 2+. International Journal of Environmental Health Engineering, 1(1), 57- 62.
Sampanpanis, P. (2015). Phytoremediation. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. (in Thai)
Sampanpanish, P. & Pinpa, K. (2018). Cadmium Removal from Contaminated Sediment Using EDTA and DTPA with Water Hyacinth. International Journal of Environmental Research, 12, 543–551. (in Thai)
Speight, J.G. (2017). Removal of inorganic compounds from the environment. Environmental inorganic chemistry for engineers. (pp. 427-478). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
USEPA. (1996). Microwave assisted acid digestion of siliceous and organically based matrices (method 3052). Retrieved July 20, 2020, from https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/3052.pdf
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USEPA. (2017). Update for Chapter 5 of the Exposure Factors Handbook Soil and Dust Ingestion.
Retrieved July 20, 2020, from http://www.ctkydbxxw.com/?sites/production/files/2018-01/documents/efh-chapter05_2017.pdf
Wongkrachang, S. & Rattaneetu B. (2014). Acid Soil Management by Using the Lime and Organic Matter. Princess of Naradhiwas University journal, 6(1), 103-112. (in Thai)
Beck, R., Kalra, Y., Vaughan, B. & Wolf, A.M. (2000). Soil Analysis–Handbook of Reference Methods. (1).
New York: CRC Press LLC.
Chartrungsun, P. (2018). Hemp control measures. ONCB Journal, 34(2), 47-52. (in Thai)
Chen, Y., Li, X. & Shen, Z. (2004). Leaching and uptake of heavy metals by ten different species of plants during an EDTA-assisted phytoextraction process. Chemosphere, 57(3), 187-196.
Citterio S., Santagostino A. & Fumagalli P. (2003). Heavy metal tolerance and accumulation of Cd, Cr and Ni by Cannabis sativa L.. Plant and Soil, 256, 243–252.
Codex. (2015). General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CODEX STAN 193-1995, last amended in 2015). Retrieved July 20, 2020, from
file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Downloads/CXS_193e_2015.pdf
Farid M., Ali S., Shakoor M., Bharwana S., Rizvi H., Ehsan S., Tauqeer H., Iftikhar U. & Hannan F. (2013). EDTA Assisted Phytoremediation of Cadmium, Lead and Zinc. Agronomy and Plant Production, 4(11), 2833-2846.
Gavrilescu, M. (2004). Removal of heavy metals from the environment by biosorption. Engineering in Life Sciences, 4, 219–232.
Hadi F., Hussain F. & Hussain M. (2014). Phytoextraction of Pb and Cd; the effect of Urea and EDTA on Cannabis sativa growth under metals stress. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research,
5, 30-39.
Highland Research and Development Institute (Public Organization). (2016). Guide to creating a hemp for the production of fibers under the control system. Chiang Mai: Wanida Karnpim limited partnership. (in Thai)
Hunt, R., Causton, D.R., Shipley, B. & Askew, A.P. (2002). A Modern Tool for Classical Plant Growth Analysis. Annals of Botany, 90, 485-488.
Ivanov, K., Zapryanova, P., Krustev, S. & Angelova, V. (2017). Application of scanning electron microscopy and x-ray evaluation of the main digestion methods for determination of macro elements in plant tissue. Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 11(6), 488-493.
Karthika N., Jananee K. & Murugaiyan V. (2016). Remediation of contaminated soil using soil washing-a review. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 6, 13-18.
Notification of The National Environmental Board No.25. (2004). The Soil Quality Standard. Handbook of Business Operation in Thailand’s Industrial Estate Version 2, 25, 170-181. (in Thai)
Pojanaporn, T. (2009). Effect of EDTA and EDDs on phytoextraction of Chromium and Lead in contaminated soil using Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Master’s thesis, Environmental Science, Chulalongkorn University.
(in Thai)
Razuvaev, G.A., Domrachev, G.A., Suvorova, O.N. and Abakumova, L.G. (1971). Synthesis and stability of mixed sandwich chelate transition metal complexes. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 32(1),
113-120.
Salimi, M., Amin, M., Ebrahimi, A., Ghazifard, A. & Najafi, P. (2012). Influence of electrical conductivity on the phytoremediation of contaminated soils to Cd 2+ and Zn 2+. International Journal of Environmental Health Engineering, 1(1), 57- 62.
Sampanpanis, P. (2015). Phytoremediation. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. (in Thai)
Sampanpanish, P. & Pinpa, K. (2018). Cadmium Removal from Contaminated Sediment Using EDTA and DTPA with Water Hyacinth. International Journal of Environmental Research, 12, 543–551. (in Thai)
Speight, J.G. (2017). Removal of inorganic compounds from the environment. Environmental inorganic chemistry for engineers. (pp. 427-478). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
USEPA. (1996). Microwave assisted acid digestion of siliceous and organically based matrices (method 3052). Retrieved July 20, 2020, from https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/3052.pdf
USEPA. (2007). Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, and Oils (Method 3051A). Retrieved July 20, 2020, from http://www.caslab.com/EPA-Methods/PDF/EPA-Method-3051A.pdf
USEPA. (2017). Update for Chapter 5 of the Exposure Factors Handbook Soil and Dust Ingestion.
Retrieved July 20, 2020, from http://www.ctkydbxxw.com/?sites/production/files/2018-01/documents/efh-chapter05_2017.pdf
Wongkrachang, S. & Rattaneetu B. (2014). Acid Soil Management by Using the Lime and Organic Matter. Princess of Naradhiwas University journal, 6(1), 103-112. (in Thai)
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Published
2021-05-05
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