Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Asam Gelugor Fruit (Garcinia atroviridis)
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide problem in both public health and veterinary medicine. Therefore, many natural substances have been studied to find out more about their antimicrobial activities. The asam gelugor plant has various pharmacological properties, especially antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, but there is limited information about the bioactivities of asam gelugor fruit. This study investigated the antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effects of asam gelugor fruit extract. The DPPH radical scavenging capacity of 2.5 mg/ml ethanolic asam gelugor fruit extract was 1.13 times higher than 2.5 mg/ml tocopheryl acetate (antioxidation index 81.30±4.40% vs 72.06±0.83%, p<0.05). In addition, the fruit extract concentration of 50-200 mg/ml showed antimicrobial activity in agar well diffusion assays against Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC 27956, Staphylococcus aureus DMST 4745, S. intermedius DMST 5024, S. epidermidis DMST 12853, Bacillus subtilis DMST 3763 and Escherichia coli TISTR 073, but no activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Malassezia pachydermatis (isolated from dogs). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values determined via broth microdilution ranged from 3.13 to 12.5 mg/ml for the tested bacterial strains and were 50 mg/ml for both of the tested yeast isolates. The results demonstrated that ethanolic asam gelugor fruit extract could potentially be used as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. However, further study should be conducted to determine its activity against other microbial strains and to develop suitable formulations. Keywords : antioxidant activity ; antimicrobial activity, asam gelugor fruitReferences
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Adamczak, A., Ozarowski, M., & Karpinski, T.M. (2020). Antibacterial activity of some flavonoids and organic acids widely distributed in plants. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(1), 109.
Andayani, R., Armin, F., & Mardhiyah, A. (2020). Determination of the phenolics and antioxidant activity in the rind extracts of Garcinia mangostana L., Garcinia cowa Roxb., and Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex. T. Anders. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 13(8), 149-152.
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Azwanida, N.N. (2015). A Review on the extraction methods use in medicinal plants, principle, strength and limitation. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 4(3), 1000196.
Basri, D.F., Sharif, R., Morat, P., & Latip, J. (2005). Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts from Garcinia atroviridis and Solanum torvum. Malaysia Journal of science, 24(1), 233-238.
Cheesman, M.J., Ilanko, A., Blonk, B., & Cock, I.E. (2017). Developing new antimicrobial therapies: are synergistic combinations of plant extracts/compounds with conventional antibiotics the solution? Pharmacognosy Reviews, 11(22), 57-72.
CLSI. (2008). Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts; approve standard-third edition. CLS document M27-A3. Pennsylvania: Clinical and laboratory standard institute.
CLSI. (2009). Method for antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing of yeasts; approved guideline-second edition. CLS document M44-A2. Pennsylvania: Clinical and laboratory standard institute.
CLSI. (2013). Performance standard for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals; approved standard-fourth edition. CLS document VET01-A4. Pennsylvania: Clinical and laboratory standard institute.
CLSI. (2016). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 26th edition. CLSI supplement M100S. Pennsylvania: Clinical and laboratory standard institute.
Cushnie, T.P.T., & Lamb, A.J. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 26(5), 343-356.
Galih, S., Tiana, M., & Muchtaridi, M. (2018). Pharmacological activity of gelugur acid plant (Garcinia atroviridis Griff.): a study. International Journal of Current Medical Sciences, 8, 406-410.
Gulcin, I. (2011). Antioxidant activity of eugenol: a structure-activity relationship study. Journal of Medicinal Food, 14(9), 975-985.
Gupta, P.D., & Birdi, T.J. (2017). Development of botanicals to combat antibiotic resistance. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 8(4), 266-275.
Hamidon, H., Susanti, D., Taher, M., & Zakaria, Z.A. (2017). Garcinia atroviridis - A review on phytochemicals and pharmacological properties. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 21(1), 38-47.
Jang, H.I., Rhee, K.J., & Eom, Y.B. (2020). Antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of α-humulene against Bacteroides fragilis. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 66(6), 389-399.
Leopoldini, M., Russo, N., & Toscano, M. (2011). The molecular basis of working mechanism of natural polyphenolic antioxidants. Food Chemistry, 125(2), 288-306.
Lertsatitthanakorn, P., Taweechaisupapong, S., Aromdee, C., & Khunkitti, W. (2006). In vitro bioactivities of essential oils used for acne control. International Journal of Aromatherapy, 16(1), 43-49.
Lim, T.K. (2012). Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Fruits. Heidelberg: Springer.
Mackeen, M.M., Ali, A.M., Lajis, N.H., Kawazu, K., Hassan, Z., Amran, M., Habsah, M., Mooi, L.Y., & Mohamed, S.M. (2000). Antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumour-promoting and cytotoxic activities of different plant part extracts of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anders. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 72(3), 395-402.
Mackeen, M.M., Mooi, L.Y., Amran, M., Mat, N., Lajis, N.H., & Ali, A.M. (2012). Noncytotoxic and antitumour-promoting activities of garcinia acid esters from Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anders (Guttiferae). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, 829814.
Mathew, S., Abraham, T.E., & Zakaria, Z.A. (2015). Reactivity of phenolic compounds towards free radicals under in vitro conditions. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(9), 5790-5798.
Miean, K.H., & Mohamed, S. (2001). Flavonoid (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) content of edible tropical plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(6), 3106-3112.
Milanda, T., Safrudin, A.D., Samudra, G., Sumiwi, S.A., & Muchtaridi, M. (2019). Sub-chronic toxicity of Garcinia atroviridis Griff Fruit's ethanol extract on Wistar rats (Ratus norvegicus). Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 10(4), 178-183.
Nursakinah, I., Zulkhairi, H.A., Norhafizah, M., Hasnah, B., Zamree, Md.S., Shafeera, I.F., Dasiman, R., & Hamzah, F.H. (2012). Nutritional content and in vitro antioxidant potential of Garcinia atroviridis (asam gelugor) leaves and fruits. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 18(3), 363-371.
Palma, E., Tilocca, B., & Roncada, P. 2020. Antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine: an overview. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(6), 1914.
Papich, M.G., & Lindeman, C. 2018. Cephalexin susceptibility breakpoint for veterinary isolates: Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute revision. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 30(1),
113-120.
Srivastava, J., Chandra, H., Nautiyal, A.R., & Kalra, S.J.S. (2014). Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAms) as an alternative drug line to control infections. 3 Biotech, 4(5),
451-460.
Tan, W.N., Wong, K.C., Khairuddean, M., Eldeen, I.M., Asmawi, M., & Sulaiman, B. (2012). Volatile constituents of the fruit of Garcinia atroviridis and their antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory activities. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 28(1), 2-9.
Thongboon, P. (2013). Antibacterial efficacy of Garcinia extract and its application in hand cleaning product [Thesis]. Songkla: Prince of Songkla University.
Venter, H., Henningsen, M.L., & Begg, S.L. (2017). Antimicrobial resistance in healthcare, agriculture and the environment: the biochemistry behind the headlines. Essays in Biochemistry, 61(1), 1-10.
Ventola, C.L. (2015). The antibiotic resistance crisis part 1: causes and threats. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 40(4), 277-283.
Wang, Q., & Xie, M. (2010). Antibacterial activity and mechanism of luteolin on Staphylococcus aureus. Acta microbiologica Sinica, 50(9), 1180-1184.
Widyowati, R., & Rahman, A. (2010). Kandungan Kimia dan Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Garcinia celebica l. terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae dan Candida albicans. Majalah Farmasi Airlangga, 8(2), 23-27.
Wright, G.D. (2015). Solving the antibiotic crisis. ACS Infectious Diseases, 1, 80-84.
Adamczak, A., Ozarowski, M., & Karpinski, T.M. (2020). Antibacterial activity of some flavonoids and organic acids widely distributed in plants. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(1), 109.
Andayani, R., Armin, F., & Mardhiyah, A. (2020). Determination of the phenolics and antioxidant activity in the rind extracts of Garcinia mangostana L., Garcinia cowa Roxb., and Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex. T. Anders. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 13(8), 149-152.
Aslam, B., Wang, W., Arshad, M., Khurshid, M., Muzammil, S., Rasool, M.H., Nisar, M.A., Alvi, R.F., Aslam, M.A., Qamar, M.U., Salamat, M.K.F., & Baloch, Z. (2018). Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis. Infection and Drug Resistance, 11, 1645-1658.
Azwanida, N.N. (2015). A Review on the extraction methods use in medicinal plants, principle, strength and limitation. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 4(3), 1000196.
Basri, D.F., Sharif, R., Morat, P., & Latip, J. (2005). Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts from Garcinia atroviridis and Solanum torvum. Malaysia Journal of science, 24(1), 233-238.
Cheesman, M.J., Ilanko, A., Blonk, B., & Cock, I.E. (2017). Developing new antimicrobial therapies: are synergistic combinations of plant extracts/compounds with conventional antibiotics the solution? Pharmacognosy Reviews, 11(22), 57-72.
CLSI. (2008). Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts; approve standard-third edition. CLS document M27-A3. Pennsylvania: Clinical and laboratory standard institute.
CLSI. (2009). Method for antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing of yeasts; approved guideline-second edition. CLS document M44-A2. Pennsylvania: Clinical and laboratory standard institute.
CLSI. (2013). Performance standard for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals; approved standard-fourth edition. CLS document VET01-A4. Pennsylvania: Clinical and laboratory standard institute.
CLSI. (2016). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 26th edition. CLSI supplement M100S. Pennsylvania: Clinical and laboratory standard institute.
Cushnie, T.P.T., & Lamb, A.J. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 26(5), 343-356.
Galih, S., Tiana, M., & Muchtaridi, M. (2018). Pharmacological activity of gelugur acid plant (Garcinia atroviridis Griff.): a study. International Journal of Current Medical Sciences, 8, 406-410.
Gulcin, I. (2011). Antioxidant activity of eugenol: a structure-activity relationship study. Journal of Medicinal Food, 14(9), 975-985.
Gupta, P.D., & Birdi, T.J. (2017). Development of botanicals to combat antibiotic resistance. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 8(4), 266-275.
Hamidon, H., Susanti, D., Taher, M., & Zakaria, Z.A. (2017). Garcinia atroviridis - A review on phytochemicals and pharmacological properties. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 21(1), 38-47.
Jang, H.I., Rhee, K.J., & Eom, Y.B. (2020). Antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of α-humulene against Bacteroides fragilis. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 66(6), 389-399.
Leopoldini, M., Russo, N., & Toscano, M. (2011). The molecular basis of working mechanism of natural polyphenolic antioxidants. Food Chemistry, 125(2), 288-306.
Lertsatitthanakorn, P., Taweechaisupapong, S., Aromdee, C., & Khunkitti, W. (2006). In vitro bioactivities of essential oils used for acne control. International Journal of Aromatherapy, 16(1), 43-49.
Lim, T.K. (2012). Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Fruits. Heidelberg: Springer.
Mackeen, M.M., Ali, A.M., Lajis, N.H., Kawazu, K., Hassan, Z., Amran, M., Habsah, M., Mooi, L.Y., & Mohamed, S.M. (2000). Antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumour-promoting and cytotoxic activities of different plant part extracts of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anders. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 72(3), 395-402.
Mackeen, M.M., Mooi, L.Y., Amran, M., Mat, N., Lajis, N.H., & Ali, A.M. (2012). Noncytotoxic and antitumour-promoting activities of garcinia acid esters from Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anders (Guttiferae). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, 829814.
Mathew, S., Abraham, T.E., & Zakaria, Z.A. (2015). Reactivity of phenolic compounds towards free radicals under in vitro conditions. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(9), 5790-5798.
Miean, K.H., & Mohamed, S. (2001). Flavonoid (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) content of edible tropical plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(6), 3106-3112.
Milanda, T., Safrudin, A.D., Samudra, G., Sumiwi, S.A., & Muchtaridi, M. (2019). Sub-chronic toxicity of Garcinia atroviridis Griff Fruit's ethanol extract on Wistar rats (Ratus norvegicus). Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 10(4), 178-183.
Nursakinah, I., Zulkhairi, H.A., Norhafizah, M., Hasnah, B., Zamree, Md.S., Shafeera, I.F., Dasiman, R., & Hamzah, F.H. (2012). Nutritional content and in vitro antioxidant potential of Garcinia atroviridis (asam gelugor) leaves and fruits. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 18(3), 363-371.
Palma, E., Tilocca, B., & Roncada, P. 2020. Antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine: an overview. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(6), 1914.
Papich, M.G., & Lindeman, C. 2018. Cephalexin susceptibility breakpoint for veterinary isolates: Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute revision. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 30(1),
113-120.
Srivastava, J., Chandra, H., Nautiyal, A.R., & Kalra, S.J.S. (2014). Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAms) as an alternative drug line to control infections. 3 Biotech, 4(5),
451-460.
Tan, W.N., Wong, K.C., Khairuddean, M., Eldeen, I.M., Asmawi, M., & Sulaiman, B. (2012). Volatile constituents of the fruit of Garcinia atroviridis and their antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory activities. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 28(1), 2-9.
Thongboon, P. (2013). Antibacterial efficacy of Garcinia extract and its application in hand cleaning product [Thesis]. Songkla: Prince of Songkla University.
Venter, H., Henningsen, M.L., & Begg, S.L. (2017). Antimicrobial resistance in healthcare, agriculture and the environment: the biochemistry behind the headlines. Essays in Biochemistry, 61(1), 1-10.
Ventola, C.L. (2015). The antibiotic resistance crisis part 1: causes and threats. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 40(4), 277-283.
Wang, Q., & Xie, M. (2010). Antibacterial activity and mechanism of luteolin on Staphylococcus aureus. Acta microbiologica Sinica, 50(9), 1180-1184.
Widyowati, R., & Rahman, A. (2010). Kandungan Kimia dan Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Garcinia celebica l. terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae dan Candida albicans. Majalah Farmasi Airlangga, 8(2), 23-27.
Wright, G.D. (2015). Solving the antibiotic crisis. ACS Infectious Diseases, 1, 80-84.
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2021-06-01
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