Comparison of Antibacterial Ability of Anatase and Rutile TiO2 Thin Films
Abstract
This research studied the nano–structured titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films that had been coated on the silicon and glass slides by the reactive DC magnetron sputtering technique to compare the antibacterial ability of the TiO2 thin films between the anatase and rutile phases. After coating, the films were analyzed by various techniques. The crystal structures of coated samples were analyzed by the X–ray Diffraction (XRD), the microstructure surface and thickness were analyzed by the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE–SEM), and the measurements of the optical transmission were analyzed by the UV–Visible Spectrophotometer. The results showed that the phases of the coated films varied with the total pressure while coating. The pressure increased from the rutile phase to the anatase phase. The crystal size of TiO2 thin films of the anatase phase was 43 nm, and the thickness was 150 nm. Also, the transmission in the visible range was approximately 75%. The surface had been formed and became tapered grains, and the grains spread over the surface of the film. There were deep grooves between grains. It could be observed from the FE–SEM. Meanwhile, the crystal size of TiO2 thin films of the rutile phase was 20 nm, and the thickness was 143 nm. The transmission in the visible range was approximately 65%. The surface had been formed in small and rounded grains. Then, they continuously spread across the surface of the film, and there were no deep grooves between grains. The comparasion of the antibacterial ability between Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with photocatalysis using the ultraviolet type A (UVA) found that the glass slides coated with the TiO2 thin films of the anatase and rutile phases had increased the antibacterial ability with time of the UVA irradiation. Moreover, TiO2 thin films of the anatase phase were more effective in disinfection than those of the rutile phase, and the TiO2 thin films of anatase phase was able to inhibit Escherichia coli better than Staphylococcus aureus. Keywords : thin films ; titanium dioxide ; sputtering ; antibacteriaReferences
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Yosboonruang, A., Kiddee, A., & Boonduang, C. (2018). Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli from house flies in a hospital area. Journal Public Health, 48(2), 185–197.
Zeman, P., & Takabayashi, S. (2002). Effect of total and oxygen partial pressures on structure of photocatalytic TiO2 films sputtered on unheated substrate. Surface and Coatings Technology, 153, 93–99.
Zhou, W., Zhong, X.X., Wu, X.C., Yuan, L.G., Shu, Q.W., & Xia, Y.X. (2006). Structural and optical properties of titanium oxide thin films deposited on unheated substrate at different total pressures by reactive dc magnetron sputtering with a substrate bias. Korean Physical Society, 49, 2168–2175.
Babelon, P., Dequiedt, A.S., Mostéfa–Sba, H., Bourgeois, S., Sibillot, P., & Sacilotti, M. (1998). SEM and XPS studies of titanium dioxide thin films grown by MOCVD. Thin Solid Films, 322, 63–67.
Brady, G.S., & Clauser, H.R. (1991). Materials Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Chammanee, P., Sombatsompop, K., Kositchaiyong, A., & Sombatsompop, N. (2009). Effects of anti–bacterial agents, sample preparation and contact time on anti-bacterial efficacy in MDPE film. Macromolecular Science, 48, 755–765.
Chinkamonthong, R., Kositchaiyong, A., & Sombatsompop, N. (2012). Effects of thermal and UV aging on antibacterial properties of linear low-density polyethylene and poly(vinyl chloride)films containing nano-silver colloid. Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting, 29(2), 144–162.
Choeysuppaket, A., Chaiyakun, S., & Rattana, T. (2018). Effect of tungsten sputtering current on structural and morphological properties of WC thin films. SNRU Journal of Science and Technology, 10(1), 82–86.
Cullity, B.D., & Stock, S.R. (2001). Elements of X–Ray Diffraction. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Egerton, T.A., Kosaa, A.M., & Christensen, P.A. (2006). Photoelectrocatalytic disinfection of E. coli suspensions by iron doped TiO2. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 8, 398–406.
Hathaisamit, K., Pudwat, S., Aiempanakit, K., & Damrongrattana, S. (2009) Preparation of Anatase–Titanium Dioxide Films and for Photokilling of Bacteria. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bansomdejchaopraya Rajabhat University. (in Thai)
Jafari, A., Ghoranneviss, Z., Elahi, S., Ghoranneviss, M., Yazdi, F., & Rezaei, A. (2015). Effects of annealing on TiN thin film growth by DC magnetron sputtering. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 2014, 1–6.
Lim, J.W., Park, J.S., & Kang, S.W. (2000). Kinetic modeling of film growth rates of TiN films in atomic layer deposition. Journal of Applied Physics, 87, 4632–4634.
Mardare, D., Tasca, M., Delibas, M., & Rusu, G. I. (2000). On the structural properties and optical transmittance of TiO2 r.f. sputtered thin films. Applied Surface Science, 156, 200–206.
Mohsen, B., & Vajiheh, A. (2012). Study of the photocatalytic activity nanocrystalline S, N-codoped TIO2 thin films and powders under visible and sun light irradiation. Applied Surface Science, 258, 6595–6601.
Ou, Y., Lin, J., Fang, S., & Liao, D. (2006). MWNT–TiO2: Ni composite catalyst: a new class of catalyst for photocatalytic H2 evolution from water under visible light illumination. Chemical Physics Letters, 429, 199–203.
Pulker, H.K. (1999). Coatings on Glass. Amsterdam: Elsvier Science Publishers B.V.
Ritter, E. (1975) Dielectric film materials for optical applications. In H.G., Francombe, M.H., & Hoffman, R.W. (Eds.) Physics of thin films. (pp. 1–49). New York: Academic Press.
Roy, A., Gauri, S.S., Bhattacharya, M., & Bhattacharya, J. (2013). Antimicrobial activity of CaO nanoparticles. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, 9, 1–8.
Sunada, K., Watanbe, T., & Hashimoto, K. (2003). Studies on photokilling of bacteria on TiO2 thin film. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, 156, 227–233.
Swanepoel, R. (1983). Determination of the thickness and optical constants of amorphous silicon. Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments, 16, 1214–1222.
Tang, H., Prasad, K., Sanjine, R., Schmid, P.E., & Lévy, F. (1994). Electrical and optical properties of TiO2 anatase thin films. Journal of Applied Physics, 75, 2042–2047.
Tantipalakul, Y., Kavinsekson, B., Teekasap, S., & Kaewkhao, J. (2018). Sol gel technique to synthesis of titanium dioxide thin film for self-cleaning glass production. SAU Journal of science & technology, 75(1), 22–34. (in Thai)
Tapaneeyakul, N., & Kongsuk, W. (2015). Staphylococcus aureus. Research and Laboratory Development Center. Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. (in Thai)
Yamagishi, M., Kuriki, S., Song, P.K., & Shigesato, Y. (2003). Thin film TiO2 photocatalyst deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering. Thin Solid Films, 442, 227–231.
Yosboonruang, A., Kiddee, A., & Boonduang, C. (2018). Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli from house flies in a hospital area. Journal Public Health, 48(2), 185–197.
Zeman, P., & Takabayashi, S. (2002). Effect of total and oxygen partial pressures on structure of photocatalytic TiO2 films sputtered on unheated substrate. Surface and Coatings Technology, 153, 93–99.
Zhou, W., Zhong, X.X., Wu, X.C., Yuan, L.G., Shu, Q.W., & Xia, Y.X. (2006). Structural and optical properties of titanium oxide thin films deposited on unheated substrate at different total pressures by reactive dc magnetron sputtering with a substrate bias. Korean Physical Society, 49, 2168–2175.
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2021-09-06
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