Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Folk Wisdom Boiled Herb and Its Ingredient Extracts (Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels, Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. and Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) on Inhibition of Prostaglandin E2 Production and Secretion
Abstract
Thai traditional herb had been applied as an alternative medicine extensively in various area including Si Toi, Mae Chai, Phayao province that lastingly inherited the alleviation of disease severity with boiled herb consisted Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels, Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. and Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. in diabetes mellitus patients. However, the severity of this disease was revealed the intimate relation with inflammatory process in human body. The present study thus purposed the effect of abovementioned folk wisdom boiled herb and its gradient extracts on anti-inflammation through the reduction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion, respectively. RAW264.7 macrophage cell line was treated with folk wisdom boiled herb and its gradient extracts prior induction by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effect of these extracts were subsequently evaluated by trypan blue exclusion, COX activity and PGE2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our data showed the non-toxicity of folk wisdom boiled herb and its gradient extracts on macrophage cell line. Moreover, all concentrations (100, 200 and 400 µg/ml) of folk wisdom boiled herb, Phyllanthus niruri and Phyllanthus acidus at concentration of 200 and 400 µg/ml significantly inhibit PGE2 secretion and COX-2 activity in macrophage cell line with dose dependence manner (p<0.05). Accordingly, this folk wisdom boiled herb had inhibitory effect on inflammation, which derived from Phyllanthus niruri and Phyllanthus acidus, respectively. The bioactive compounds in these extracts may be explored for the further development into community health product. Keywords : boiled herb ; Phyllanthus niruri ; Pandanus amaryllifolius ; Inflammation ; Prostaglandin E2References
Alagan A., Jantan I., Kumolosasi E., Ogawa S., Abdullah M. A., & Azmi N. (2019). Protective effects of Phyllanthus amarus against lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in rats. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10, 632-643.
Bezugla Y., Kolada A., Kamionka S., Bernard B., Scheibe R., & Dieter P. (2006). COX-1 and COX-2 contribute differentially to the LPS-induced release of PGE2 and TxA2 in liver macrophages. Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators, 79(1-2), 93-100.
Buckley C. D., Gilroy D. W., & Serhan C. N. (2014). Proresolving lipid mediators and mechanisms in the resolution of acute inflammation. Immunity, 40(3), 315-327.
Chakraborty R., Biplab D., Devanna N., & Sen S. (2012). Antiinflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant activities of Phyllanthus acidus L. extracts. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(2), S953-S961.
Dandona P., & Aljada A. (2002). A rational approach to pathogenesis and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. The American Journal of Cardiology, 90(5A), 27G-33G.
Díaz-Muñoz M. D., Osma-García I. C., Fresno M., & Iñiguez M. A. (2012). Involvement of PGE2 and the cAMP signalling pathway in the up-regulation of COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression in LPS-activated macrophages. Biochemical Journal, 443(2), 451-461.
Esser N., Legrand-Poels S., Piette J., Scheen A. J., & Paquot N. (2014). Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 105(2), 141-150.
Ghafar S. Z. A., Mediani A., Ramli N. S., & Abas F. (2018). Antioxidant, α-glucosidase, and nitric oxide inhibitory activities of Phyllanthus acidus and LC–MS/MS profile of the active extract. Food Bioscience, 25, 134-140.
Gomez I., Foudi N., Longrois D., & Norel X. (2013). The role of prostaglandin E2 in human vascular inflammation. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 89(2-3), 55-63.
Harikrishnan H., Jantan I., Haque M. A., & Kumolosasi E. (2018). Anti-inflammatory effects of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. through inhibition of NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways in LPS-induced human macrophages. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 18(1), 224-236.
Hossain M. S., Akter S., Begum Y., & Bulbul I. J. (2016). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Phyllanthus acidus L. on swiss Albino mice. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 13(1), 1-10.
Hossen M. J., Jeon S. H., Kim S. C., Kim J. H., Jeong D., Sung N. Y., Cho J. Y. (2015). In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Phyllanthus acidus methanolic extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 168, 217-228.
Ibrahim U. K., & Adniruddin A. (2018). Antioxidant activity of fresh and dried extracted herbs mixture of Psidium guajava, Pteridophytes, Cymbopogon, and Pandanus amaryllifolius. Malaysian Journal of Chemical Engineering & Technology, 1, 8–13.
Karuna R., Reddy S. S., Baskar R., & Saralakumari D. (2009). Antioxidant potential of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus in rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 41(2), 64-67.
Kawahara K., Hohjoh H., Inazumi T., Tsuchiya S., & Sugimoto Y. (2015). Prostaglandin E2-induced inflammation: Relevance of prostaglandin E receptors. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1851(4), 414-421.
Kiemer A. K., Hartung T., Huber C., & Vollmar A. M. (2003). Phyllanthus amarus has anti-inflammatory potential by inhibition of iNOS, COX-2, and cytokines via the NF-κB pathway. Journal of Hepatology, 38(3), 289-297.
Kiran P. M., & Rao B. G. (2013). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of different extracts and isolated lignans of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. Aerial parts. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 4,
803-808.
Kumar S., Singh A., & Kumar B. (2017). Identification and characterization of phenolics and terpenoids from ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus species by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 7(4),
214-222.
Li J., Zhang N., Ye B., Ju W., Orser B., Fox J. E., . . . Lu W. Y. (2007). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase insulin release from beta cells by inhibiting ATP-sensitive potassium channels. British Journal of Pharmacology, 151(4), 483-493.
Lontchi-Yimagou E., Sobngwi E., Matsha T. E., & Kengne A. P. (2013). Diabetes mellitus and inflammation. Current Diabetes Reports, 13(3), 435-444.
Mamza U., Sodipo O., & Khan I. (2012). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of bioactive components of Phyllanthus amarus leaves. International Research Journal of Plant Science, 3(10), 208-215.
Ofuegbe S. O., Adedapo A. A., & Adeyemi A. A. (2014). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the methanol leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus in some laboratory animals. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 25(2), 175-180.
Park J. Y., Pillinger M. H., & Abramson S. B. (2006). Prostaglandin E2 synthesis and secretion: the role of PGE2 synthases. Clinical Immunology, 119(3), 229-240.
Pollack R. M., Donath M. Y., Leroith D., & Leibowitz G. (2016). Anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of diabetes and its vascular complications. Diabetes Care, 39 Suppl 2, S244-252.
Robertson R. P. (2017). The COX-2/PGE2/EP3/Gi/o/cAMP/GSIS pathway in the islet: the beat goes on. Diabetes, 66(6), 1464-1466.
Serhan C.N., Chiang N., Dalli J., & Levy B.D. (2015). Lipid mediators in the resolution of inflammation. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 7(2), a016311- a016330.
Serhan C.N., & Levy B. (2003). Success of prostaglandin E2 in structure–function is a challenge for structure-based therapeutics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(15), 8609-8611.
Serhan C.N., Yacoubian S., & Yang R. (2008). Anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediators. Annual Review of Pathology, 3, 279-312.
Sostres C., Gargallo C. J., & Lanas A. (2013). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and upper and lower gastrointestinal mucosal damage. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 15 Suppl 3, S3- S10.
Sowers J. R., White W. B., Pitt B., Whelton A., Simon L. S., Winer N. (2005). The Effects of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy on 24-hour blood pressure in patients with hypertension, osteoarthritis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165(2), 161-168.
Sun X., & Li Q. (2018). Prostaglandin EP2 receptor: Novel therapeutic target for human cancers. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 42(3), 1203-1214.
Suwannakul S., Chaibenjawong P., & Suwannakul S. (2018). Antioxidant Anti-Cancer and Antimicrobial Activities of Ethanol Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaf extract (In Vitro)-A potential medical application. Journal of International Dental and Medical Research, 11(2), 383-389.
Tram N. C. T., & Cuong N. M. (2016). Kaempferol and kaempferol glycosides from Phyllanthus acidus leaves. Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, 54(6), 790-804.
Vonkeman H. E., & Van De Laar M. A. (2010). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: adverse effects and their prevention. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 39(4), 294-312.
Bezugla Y., Kolada A., Kamionka S., Bernard B., Scheibe R., & Dieter P. (2006). COX-1 and COX-2 contribute differentially to the LPS-induced release of PGE2 and TxA2 in liver macrophages. Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators, 79(1-2), 93-100.
Buckley C. D., Gilroy D. W., & Serhan C. N. (2014). Proresolving lipid mediators and mechanisms in the resolution of acute inflammation. Immunity, 40(3), 315-327.
Chakraborty R., Biplab D., Devanna N., & Sen S. (2012). Antiinflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant activities of Phyllanthus acidus L. extracts. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(2), S953-S961.
Dandona P., & Aljada A. (2002). A rational approach to pathogenesis and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. The American Journal of Cardiology, 90(5A), 27G-33G.
Díaz-Muñoz M. D., Osma-García I. C., Fresno M., & Iñiguez M. A. (2012). Involvement of PGE2 and the cAMP signalling pathway in the up-regulation of COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression in LPS-activated macrophages. Biochemical Journal, 443(2), 451-461.
Esser N., Legrand-Poels S., Piette J., Scheen A. J., & Paquot N. (2014). Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 105(2), 141-150.
Ghafar S. Z. A., Mediani A., Ramli N. S., & Abas F. (2018). Antioxidant, α-glucosidase, and nitric oxide inhibitory activities of Phyllanthus acidus and LC–MS/MS profile of the active extract. Food Bioscience, 25, 134-140.
Gomez I., Foudi N., Longrois D., & Norel X. (2013). The role of prostaglandin E2 in human vascular inflammation. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 89(2-3), 55-63.
Harikrishnan H., Jantan I., Haque M. A., & Kumolosasi E. (2018). Anti-inflammatory effects of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. through inhibition of NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways in LPS-induced human macrophages. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 18(1), 224-236.
Hossain M. S., Akter S., Begum Y., & Bulbul I. J. (2016). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Phyllanthus acidus L. on swiss Albino mice. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 13(1), 1-10.
Hossen M. J., Jeon S. H., Kim S. C., Kim J. H., Jeong D., Sung N. Y., Cho J. Y. (2015). In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Phyllanthus acidus methanolic extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 168, 217-228.
Ibrahim U. K., & Adniruddin A. (2018). Antioxidant activity of fresh and dried extracted herbs mixture of Psidium guajava, Pteridophytes, Cymbopogon, and Pandanus amaryllifolius. Malaysian Journal of Chemical Engineering & Technology, 1, 8–13.
Karuna R., Reddy S. S., Baskar R., & Saralakumari D. (2009). Antioxidant potential of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus in rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 41(2), 64-67.
Kawahara K., Hohjoh H., Inazumi T., Tsuchiya S., & Sugimoto Y. (2015). Prostaglandin E2-induced inflammation: Relevance of prostaglandin E receptors. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1851(4), 414-421.
Kiemer A. K., Hartung T., Huber C., & Vollmar A. M. (2003). Phyllanthus amarus has anti-inflammatory potential by inhibition of iNOS, COX-2, and cytokines via the NF-κB pathway. Journal of Hepatology, 38(3), 289-297.
Kiran P. M., & Rao B. G. (2013). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of different extracts and isolated lignans of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. Aerial parts. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 4,
803-808.
Kumar S., Singh A., & Kumar B. (2017). Identification and characterization of phenolics and terpenoids from ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus species by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 7(4),
214-222.
Li J., Zhang N., Ye B., Ju W., Orser B., Fox J. E., . . . Lu W. Y. (2007). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase insulin release from beta cells by inhibiting ATP-sensitive potassium channels. British Journal of Pharmacology, 151(4), 483-493.
Lontchi-Yimagou E., Sobngwi E., Matsha T. E., & Kengne A. P. (2013). Diabetes mellitus and inflammation. Current Diabetes Reports, 13(3), 435-444.
Mamza U., Sodipo O., & Khan I. (2012). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of bioactive components of Phyllanthus amarus leaves. International Research Journal of Plant Science, 3(10), 208-215.
Ofuegbe S. O., Adedapo A. A., & Adeyemi A. A. (2014). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the methanol leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus in some laboratory animals. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 25(2), 175-180.
Park J. Y., Pillinger M. H., & Abramson S. B. (2006). Prostaglandin E2 synthesis and secretion: the role of PGE2 synthases. Clinical Immunology, 119(3), 229-240.
Pollack R. M., Donath M. Y., Leroith D., & Leibowitz G. (2016). Anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of diabetes and its vascular complications. Diabetes Care, 39 Suppl 2, S244-252.
Robertson R. P. (2017). The COX-2/PGE2/EP3/Gi/o/cAMP/GSIS pathway in the islet: the beat goes on. Diabetes, 66(6), 1464-1466.
Serhan C.N., Chiang N., Dalli J., & Levy B.D. (2015). Lipid mediators in the resolution of inflammation. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 7(2), a016311- a016330.
Serhan C.N., & Levy B. (2003). Success of prostaglandin E2 in structure–function is a challenge for structure-based therapeutics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(15), 8609-8611.
Serhan C.N., Yacoubian S., & Yang R. (2008). Anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediators. Annual Review of Pathology, 3, 279-312.
Sostres C., Gargallo C. J., & Lanas A. (2013). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and upper and lower gastrointestinal mucosal damage. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 15 Suppl 3, S3- S10.
Sowers J. R., White W. B., Pitt B., Whelton A., Simon L. S., Winer N. (2005). The Effects of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy on 24-hour blood pressure in patients with hypertension, osteoarthritis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165(2), 161-168.
Sun X., & Li Q. (2018). Prostaglandin EP2 receptor: Novel therapeutic target for human cancers. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 42(3), 1203-1214.
Suwannakul S., Chaibenjawong P., & Suwannakul S. (2018). Antioxidant Anti-Cancer and Antimicrobial Activities of Ethanol Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaf extract (In Vitro)-A potential medical application. Journal of International Dental and Medical Research, 11(2), 383-389.
Tram N. C. T., & Cuong N. M. (2016). Kaempferol and kaempferol glycosides from Phyllanthus acidus leaves. Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, 54(6), 790-804.
Vonkeman H. E., & Van De Laar M. A. (2010). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: adverse effects and their prevention. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 39(4), 294-312.
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2021-05-17
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