The Contamination of Lead, Chromium, Copper and Zinc in Sediment at Pak Bang Cannel and Catchment Area, Patong dDistrict, Phuket Province
Abstract
The objective of this research is to assess the contamination of lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the sediments of Pak Bang canal and at the dranage areas of Pak Bang canal which connected to Patong Beach, Phuket province. Sediment samples were collected at 3 sampling points along the Pak Bang canal and 11 sampling points along the Pak Bang canal. Sample preparation and heavy metal analysis were determined according to geochemistry methods. The contamination of the four heavy metals was evaluated based on the amount of heavy metals accumulated in the sediment as compared to the sediment quality criteria (SQGs) and using other 6 sediment quality indicators included geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), contamination Factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), potential ecological risk index (RI) and sediment Pollution Index (SPI) to determine the environmental pollution. The results showed that Cu and Zn concentrations of the sediments at the upstream and middle stream of Pak Bang canal exceed the SQGs level. Other sediment quality indicators reflected the intermediate level of metal contamination, however, no contamination of all 4 heavy metals was found in the drainage area. Statistically significant relationship among the four heavy metals may be inversely related to factors from various human activities in the area. Keyword : heavy metal assessment ; sediment ; contamination ; Pragbang cannel ; Phuket provinceReferences
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Anbuselvan, N., Senthil, N.D. & Sridharan, M. (2018). Heavy metal assessment in surface sediments off Coromandel Coast of India: Implication on marine pollution, Marine Pollution Bulletin ,131 , 712–726.
Barbieri, M. (2016) The Importance of Enrichment Factor (EF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) to Evaluate the Soil Contamination. J Geol Geophys, 5 (237), 1-4.
Buajan, S. & Pumijumnong, N. (2010). Distribution of Heavy Metals in Mangrove Sediment Atthe Tha Chin Estuary, Samutsakhon Province, Thailand. J. Environ. Res. ,32(2), 61-77.
Chandrasekaran, A., Mukesh Babu, M.V., Sabarathinam, C. & Rajendran, S. (2015) Assessment of heavy metal distribution pattern in the sediments of Tamirabarani river and estuary, east coast of Tamil Nadu, India, Environ Earth Sci. ,73, 2441-2452.
Decena, S.C.P., Arguelles, M.S. & Robel. L.P. (2018). Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Surface Sediments in an Urban River in the Philippines. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. , 27(5), 1983-1995.
Duncan, A., Vries, N. & Nyarko, K. (2018). Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Sediments of the River Pra and Its Tributaries. Water Air Soil Pollut., 229(272), 1-10.
Garson, M.S., Young, B., Mitchell, A.H.G., Tait, B.A.R., Bateson, J.H., Cogger, N., Johnson, R.L., Prewett, W.G. & Stephens, E.A. (1975). The Geology of the Tin Belt in Peninsular Thailand around Phuket, Phangnga and Takua Pa, first ed. HMSO, London.
Gergen, I. & Harmanescu, M. (2012). Application of principal component analysis in the pollution assessment with heavy metals of vegetable food chain in the old mining areas. Chem Cent J. , 6(156), 1-13.
Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Res. , 14, 975-1001.
Hu, Y., Liu, X., Bai, J., Shih, K., Zeng, E.Y. & Cheng, H. (2013). Assessing heavy metal pollution in the surface soils of a region that had undergone three decades of intense industrialization and urbanization. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 20(9), 6150-6159.
Ikenaka, Y., Nakayama, S.M.M., Muzandu, K., Choongo, K., Teraoka, H., Mizuno, N. & Ishizuka, M. (2010) Heavy metal contamination of soil and sediment in Zambia. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4 (11), 729-739.
Kadhum, S.A., Ishak, M.Y. & Zulkifli, S.Z. (2015). Evaluation and assessment of baseline metal contamination in surface sediments from the Bernam River, Malaysia. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 23(7), 6312-6321.
Khongsang, A., Suteerasak, T. & Chongsrirattanakun, W. (2018). Contamination of Heavy Metals in Sediment, Polychaetes and Cockles in the Bang Yai River Estuary, Phuket Province. KMUTT Research and Development Journal, 41 (4), 439-454. (in Thai)
Li, X., Liu, L., Wang, Y., Luo, G., Chen, X., Yang, X., Gao, B. & He, X. (2012). Integrated assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediments from a coastal industrial basin, NE China. PLoS ONE., 7(6), 1-10.
Liang, A., Wang, Y., Guo, H., Bo, L., Zhang, S.& Bai, Y. (2015) Assessment of Pollution and identification of sources of heavy metals in the sediments of Changshou Lakein a branchof the Three Gorges Reservoir. Environmental Science and pollution research, 22, 16067-16076.
Loska, K., Wiechuła, D. & Korus, I. (2004). Metal contamination of farming soils affected by industry. Environ. Int. , 30, 159-165.
Ma, X., Zuo, H., Tian, M., Zhang, L., Meng, J., Zhou, X., Min, N., Chang, X. & Liu, Y. (2016). Assessment of heavy metals contamination in sediments from three adjacent regions of the Yellow River using metal chemical fractions and multivariate analysis techniques. Chemosphere, 144, 264-272.
Meesuk, P. (1999). The Determination of Arsenic and Heavy Metals in Bottom Sediments from Songkhla Lake. Thaksin. J., 2(2), 77-82.
Moura, M.C.S. de., Moita, G.C. & Neto, J.M.M. (2010). Analysis and assessment of heavy metals in urban surface soils of Teresina, Piauí State, Brazil: a study based on multivariate analysis. Comunicata Scientiae, 1(2), 120-127.
Musika, C., Wongsudawan, W. & Munhaphon, A. (2013). Distribution and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Inner Gulf of Thailand. In Proceedings The 4th Marine Science Conference. (569-580) Thailand. (in Thai)
Muller, G. (1969). Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geol. J. , 2 (3), 108-118.
Müller, G. (1981). The heavy metal pollution of the sediments of Neckars and its tributary: A Stocktaking. Chem. Ztg., 105, 157-164.
Pollution Control Department. (2012). The study report: Determination of sediment quality standards in surface water source. Bureau of Waste Management and Hazardous Substances, Pollution Control Department, Bangkok. (in Thai)
Potts, P.J. (1992). A handbook of silicate rock analysis. Glasow, Blackie & Son Ltd. London.
Pinyo, T. (2018). Techniques for interpreting the results of factor analysis in research work. Panyapiwat Journal, 10(Special), 292-304. (in Thai)
Rermdumri, S., Kareas, S. & Wongsontam, K. (2009). Heavy Metals Contamination in Seawater and Sediment in the Upper Gulf of Thailand. In Proceedings of 47th Kasetsart University Annual Conference. (pp 221-228) Thailand. (in Thai)
Sakan, S.M., Ðordevic, D.S., Manojlovic, D.D. & Predrag, P.S. (2009). Assessment of heavy metal pollutants accumulation in the Tisza river sediments. J. Environ. Manage. , 90, 3382-3390.
Salah, E.A.M., Zaidan, T.A. & Al-Rawi, A.S. (2012). Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in the Sediments of Euphrates River, Iraq. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 4(12), 1009-1023.
Singh, M., Muller, G. & Singh, I.B. (2002). Heavy metals in freshly deposited stream sediments of rivers associated with urbanisation of the gana plain, india. Water Ai and Soil Pollution, 141, pp. 35-54.
Srithawirat, T. & Thananoppakul, K. (2016). Heavy metal contamination of soil in Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park. In Proceeding The 17th Graduate Studies of Northern Rajabhat University Network Conference. (pp. 2727-2734). Thailand (in Thai)
Suteerasak, T. & Bhongsuwan, T. (2008). Contamination of Heavy Metals Al, As, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn and Fe in Sediment from Bang-Yai River in Phuket Province. KMUTT Research and Development Journal, 31 (4), 767-779. (in Thai)
Suteerasak, T. (2017). Applied Physics with Sediment Analysis. Phuket Center print, Phuket. (in Thai)
Suteerasak, T. & Akkajit, P. (2018). Using the Grain Size and Concentration of Pb and Zn in Sediments to Identify the Layer of Sediment from Tsunami in 2547 B.E. (2004 C.E.) in the Bang Yai Estuary, Phuket Bay. Thammasart Science and Technology Journal, 26(3), 459-475. (in Thai)
Suteerasak, T., Akkajit, P. Chitchiew, N., Ponggannicha, K. & Chongsrirattanakun, W. (2019). Assessment Contamination of Copper, Lead and Zinc in Sediment at Bang Yai Canal, Phuket Province. Burapha Science Journal, 24(1), 340-358. (in Thai)
Tholkappian, M., Ravisankar, R., Chandrasekaran, A., Jebakumar, J.P.P., Kanagasabapathy, K.V., Prasad, M.V.R. & Satapathy, K.K. (2018). Assessing heavy metal toxicity in sediments of Chennai Coast of Tamil Naduusing Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (EDXRF) with statistical approach. Toxicology Reports, 5, 173-182.
Tomlinson, D.L., Wilson, J.G., Harris, C.R. & Jeffrey, D.W. (1980) Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunlter, 33(1-4), 566-575.
Turekian, K.K. & Wedepohl, K.H. (1961). Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. , 72(2), 175-192.
Varol M. & Sen, B. (2012) Assessment of nutrient and heavy metal contamination in surface water and sediments of the upper Tigris River, Turkey. Catena., 92(1), 1-10.
Wojciechowska, E., Nawrot, N., Walkusz-Miotk, J., Matej-Łukowicz, K. and Pazdro, K. (2019). Heavy Metals in Sediments of Urban Streams: Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Influencing Factors. Sustainability, 11(3), 563-577.
Yalcin, F., Kilic, S., Nyamsari, D.G., Yalcin, M.G. & Kilic, M. (2016). Principal Component Analysis of Integ rated Metal Concentrations of Bogacayi Riverbank Sediments in Turkey. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. , 25(2), 471-485.
Zhiyuan, W., Dengfeng, W., Huiping, Z. & Zhiping, Q. (2011). Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution with Principal Component Analysis and Geoaccumulation Index. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 10,
1946 – 1952.
Anbuselvan, N., Senthil, N.D. & Sridharan, M. (2018). Heavy metal assessment in surface sediments off Coromandel Coast of India: Implication on marine pollution, Marine Pollution Bulletin ,131 , 712–726.
Barbieri, M. (2016) The Importance of Enrichment Factor (EF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) to Evaluate the Soil Contamination. J Geol Geophys, 5 (237), 1-4.
Buajan, S. & Pumijumnong, N. (2010). Distribution of Heavy Metals in Mangrove Sediment Atthe Tha Chin Estuary, Samutsakhon Province, Thailand. J. Environ. Res. ,32(2), 61-77.
Chandrasekaran, A., Mukesh Babu, M.V., Sabarathinam, C. & Rajendran, S. (2015) Assessment of heavy metal distribution pattern in the sediments of Tamirabarani river and estuary, east coast of Tamil Nadu, India, Environ Earth Sci. ,73, 2441-2452.
Decena, S.C.P., Arguelles, M.S. & Robel. L.P. (2018). Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Surface Sediments in an Urban River in the Philippines. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. , 27(5), 1983-1995.
Duncan, A., Vries, N. & Nyarko, K. (2018). Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Sediments of the River Pra and Its Tributaries. Water Air Soil Pollut., 229(272), 1-10.
Garson, M.S., Young, B., Mitchell, A.H.G., Tait, B.A.R., Bateson, J.H., Cogger, N., Johnson, R.L., Prewett, W.G. & Stephens, E.A. (1975). The Geology of the Tin Belt in Peninsular Thailand around Phuket, Phangnga and Takua Pa, first ed. HMSO, London.
Gergen, I. & Harmanescu, M. (2012). Application of principal component analysis in the pollution assessment with heavy metals of vegetable food chain in the old mining areas. Chem Cent J. , 6(156), 1-13.
Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Res. , 14, 975-1001.
Hu, Y., Liu, X., Bai, J., Shih, K., Zeng, E.Y. & Cheng, H. (2013). Assessing heavy metal pollution in the surface soils of a region that had undergone three decades of intense industrialization and urbanization. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 20(9), 6150-6159.
Ikenaka, Y., Nakayama, S.M.M., Muzandu, K., Choongo, K., Teraoka, H., Mizuno, N. & Ishizuka, M. (2010) Heavy metal contamination of soil and sediment in Zambia. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4 (11), 729-739.
Kadhum, S.A., Ishak, M.Y. & Zulkifli, S.Z. (2015). Evaluation and assessment of baseline metal contamination in surface sediments from the Bernam River, Malaysia. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 23(7), 6312-6321.
Khongsang, A., Suteerasak, T. & Chongsrirattanakun, W. (2018). Contamination of Heavy Metals in Sediment, Polychaetes and Cockles in the Bang Yai River Estuary, Phuket Province. KMUTT Research and Development Journal, 41 (4), 439-454. (in Thai)
Li, X., Liu, L., Wang, Y., Luo, G., Chen, X., Yang, X., Gao, B. & He, X. (2012). Integrated assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediments from a coastal industrial basin, NE China. PLoS ONE., 7(6), 1-10.
Liang, A., Wang, Y., Guo, H., Bo, L., Zhang, S.& Bai, Y. (2015) Assessment of Pollution and identification of sources of heavy metals in the sediments of Changshou Lakein a branchof the Three Gorges Reservoir. Environmental Science and pollution research, 22, 16067-16076.
Loska, K., Wiechuła, D. & Korus, I. (2004). Metal contamination of farming soils affected by industry. Environ. Int. , 30, 159-165.
Ma, X., Zuo, H., Tian, M., Zhang, L., Meng, J., Zhou, X., Min, N., Chang, X. & Liu, Y. (2016). Assessment of heavy metals contamination in sediments from three adjacent regions of the Yellow River using metal chemical fractions and multivariate analysis techniques. Chemosphere, 144, 264-272.
Meesuk, P. (1999). The Determination of Arsenic and Heavy Metals in Bottom Sediments from Songkhla Lake. Thaksin. J., 2(2), 77-82.
Moura, M.C.S. de., Moita, G.C. & Neto, J.M.M. (2010). Analysis and assessment of heavy metals in urban surface soils of Teresina, Piauí State, Brazil: a study based on multivariate analysis. Comunicata Scientiae, 1(2), 120-127.
Musika, C., Wongsudawan, W. & Munhaphon, A. (2013). Distribution and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Inner Gulf of Thailand. In Proceedings The 4th Marine Science Conference. (569-580) Thailand. (in Thai)
Muller, G. (1969). Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geol. J. , 2 (3), 108-118.
Müller, G. (1981). The heavy metal pollution of the sediments of Neckars and its tributary: A Stocktaking. Chem. Ztg., 105, 157-164.
Pollution Control Department. (2012). The study report: Determination of sediment quality standards in surface water source. Bureau of Waste Management and Hazardous Substances, Pollution Control Department, Bangkok. (in Thai)
Potts, P.J. (1992). A handbook of silicate rock analysis. Glasow, Blackie & Son Ltd. London.
Pinyo, T. (2018). Techniques for interpreting the results of factor analysis in research work. Panyapiwat Journal, 10(Special), 292-304. (in Thai)
Rermdumri, S., Kareas, S. & Wongsontam, K. (2009). Heavy Metals Contamination in Seawater and Sediment in the Upper Gulf of Thailand. In Proceedings of 47th Kasetsart University Annual Conference. (pp 221-228) Thailand. (in Thai)
Sakan, S.M., Ðordevic, D.S., Manojlovic, D.D. & Predrag, P.S. (2009). Assessment of heavy metal pollutants accumulation in the Tisza river sediments. J. Environ. Manage. , 90, 3382-3390.
Salah, E.A.M., Zaidan, T.A. & Al-Rawi, A.S. (2012). Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in the Sediments of Euphrates River, Iraq. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 4(12), 1009-1023.
Singh, M., Muller, G. & Singh, I.B. (2002). Heavy metals in freshly deposited stream sediments of rivers associated with urbanisation of the gana plain, india. Water Ai and Soil Pollution, 141, pp. 35-54.
Srithawirat, T. & Thananoppakul, K. (2016). Heavy metal contamination of soil in Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park. In Proceeding The 17th Graduate Studies of Northern Rajabhat University Network Conference. (pp. 2727-2734). Thailand (in Thai)
Suteerasak, T. & Bhongsuwan, T. (2008). Contamination of Heavy Metals Al, As, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn and Fe in Sediment from Bang-Yai River in Phuket Province. KMUTT Research and Development Journal, 31 (4), 767-779. (in Thai)
Suteerasak, T. (2017). Applied Physics with Sediment Analysis. Phuket Center print, Phuket. (in Thai)
Suteerasak, T. & Akkajit, P. (2018). Using the Grain Size and Concentration of Pb and Zn in Sediments to Identify the Layer of Sediment from Tsunami in 2547 B.E. (2004 C.E.) in the Bang Yai Estuary, Phuket Bay. Thammasart Science and Technology Journal, 26(3), 459-475. (in Thai)
Suteerasak, T., Akkajit, P. Chitchiew, N., Ponggannicha, K. & Chongsrirattanakun, W. (2019). Assessment Contamination of Copper, Lead and Zinc in Sediment at Bang Yai Canal, Phuket Province. Burapha Science Journal, 24(1), 340-358. (in Thai)
Tholkappian, M., Ravisankar, R., Chandrasekaran, A., Jebakumar, J.P.P., Kanagasabapathy, K.V., Prasad, M.V.R. & Satapathy, K.K. (2018). Assessing heavy metal toxicity in sediments of Chennai Coast of Tamil Naduusing Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (EDXRF) with statistical approach. Toxicology Reports, 5, 173-182.
Tomlinson, D.L., Wilson, J.G., Harris, C.R. & Jeffrey, D.W. (1980) Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunlter, 33(1-4), 566-575.
Turekian, K.K. & Wedepohl, K.H. (1961). Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. , 72(2), 175-192.
Varol M. & Sen, B. (2012) Assessment of nutrient and heavy metal contamination in surface water and sediments of the upper Tigris River, Turkey. Catena., 92(1), 1-10.
Wojciechowska, E., Nawrot, N., Walkusz-Miotk, J., Matej-Łukowicz, K. and Pazdro, K. (2019). Heavy Metals in Sediments of Urban Streams: Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Influencing Factors. Sustainability, 11(3), 563-577.
Yalcin, F., Kilic, S., Nyamsari, D.G., Yalcin, M.G. & Kilic, M. (2016). Principal Component Analysis of Integ rated Metal Concentrations of Bogacayi Riverbank Sediments in Turkey. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. , 25(2), 471-485.
Zhiyuan, W., Dengfeng, W., Huiping, Z. & Zhiping, Q. (2011). Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution with Principal Component Analysis and Geoaccumulation Index. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 10,
1946 – 1952.
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2020-09-01
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