Quality and Phytochemical Screening of Bitter Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
Abstract
Ma khuea khuen or bitter eggplant (Solanum melongena) can be used in cooking, traditional medicine and also contained many medicinal properties. The objective of this research was to study quality and primary phytochemical screening of bitter eggplant at different stages from third to seventh week after flowering. Two varieties of bitter eggplants including bitter eggplants with prickles and without prickles were studied in this research. The results of fruit quality evaluation showed that tendency of color value (L*, a*, b*) of both bitter eggplants were increasing from third to seventh week. Trending of firmness increased from third week and decreased at seventh week with average value was 0.51. Thickness and total soluble solid (TSS) increased from third week to seventh week and maximum value were 0.60 and 7.67, respectively. Moisture content had a downward trend from third week to seventh week. Additionally, all samples were studied the presence of seven phytochemicals and the analyses found that both varieties of bitter eggplants in all stages presented alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides and steroids. Saponin was found in prickly and non-prickly bitter eggplants in fifth week to seventh week. Tannins were found in third and fourth week of both varieties. Moreover, flavonoids were only found in non-prickly bitter eggplants at seventh week. Keywords : Solanum melongena, bitter eggplant, phytochemistry, secondary metabolites, fruit qualityReferences
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functions, biosynthesis, modulation and manipulation by genetic engineering. Planta, 246(5), 803-816.
Achikanu, C.E., Eze-Steven, P.E., Ude, C.M., & Ugwuokolie, O.C.U. (2013). Determination of the vitamin and
mineral composition of common leafy vegetables in south eastern Nigeria. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2(11), 347-353.
Atta, A., Mustafa, G., Sheikh, M.A., Shahid M., & Xiao, H. (2017). The biochemical significances of the proximate,
mineral and phytochemical composition of selected vegetables from Pakistan. Matrix Science Pharma,
1, 6-9.
Batista-Silva, W., Nascimento, V.L., Medeiros, D.B., Nunes-Nesi, A., Ribeiro, D.M., Zsögön, A., & Araújo, W.L.
(2018). Modifications in organic acid profiles during fruit development and ripening: correlation or causation? Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1689. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01689
Bohner, J. & Bangerth, F. (1988). Cell number, cell size and hormone levels in semi-isogenic mutants of
Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium differing in fruit size. Physiologia Plantarum, 72, 316-320. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1988.tb05839.x
Bouzayen, M., Latché, A., Nath, P., & Pech, J.C. (2010). Mechanism of Fruit Ripening – Chapter 16. In E.C. Pua &
M.R. Davey. (Eds.), Plant Development Biology – Biotechnological Perspectives vol.1. Springer.
Caruso, G., Pokluda, R., Sẹkara, A., Kalisz, A., Jezdinský, A., Kopta, T., & Grabowska, A. (2017). Agricultural
practices, biology and quality of eggplant cultivated in Central Europe: A review. Horticultural Science (Prague), 44(4), 201-212.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. (2nd edn). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Culpepper, C.W. & Moon, H.H. (1933). Composition of eggplant fruit at different stages of maturity in relation to
its preparation and use as food. Journal of Agricultural Research, 47(9), 705-717.
Deewiset, G., Aphasrithongkul, C., klinchan, C. & Leelapanung, S. (1999). Local vegetables in Central region.
Bangkok: Veterans Organization Publishing House. (in Thai)
Djaafar, Z. & Ridha, O.M. (2013). Phytochemical Study of Selected Medicinal plant, Solanum nigrum, the
Algerian Desert. International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, 20, 25-30.
Erturk, A.G., Erturk, O., Ayvaz, M.Ç., Erturk, E.Y. (2018). Screening of phytochemical, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities in extracts of some fruits and vegetables consumed in Turkey. Celal Bayar University Journal of Science, 14(1), 81-92.
Esteban, R.M., Molla, E.M., Robredo, L.M., & Lopez-Andreu, F.J. (1992). Changes in the chemical composition
of eggplant fruits development and ripening. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40(6),
998-1000.
Frond, A.D., Iuhas, C.I., Stirbu, I., Leopold, L., Socaci, S., Andreea, S., Ayvaz, H., Andreea, S., Mihai, S.,
Diaconeasa, Z., & Carmen, S. (2019). Phytochemical characterization of five edible purple-reddish vegetables: anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acid derivatives. Molecules, 24, 1536. doi:10.3390/molecules24081536
Hamouz, K., Pazderui, K., Lachman, J., Orsák, M., Pivec, V., Hejtmánková, K., Tomášek, J., & Cížek, M. (2014).
Effect of cultivar, flesh colour, location and year of cultivation on glycoalkaloid content in potato tubers. Plant, Soil and Environment, 60(11), 512-517.
Hanifah, A., Maharijaya, A., Putri, S.P., Laviña, W.A., & Sobir. (2018). Untargeted metabolomics analysis of
eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) fruit and its correlation to fruit morphologies. Metabolites, 8(49), doi:10.3390/metabo8030049
Jiramongkolkan, U. (2004). Indigenous vegetables 1. Bangkok: Amarin Printing and Publishing Public Co., Ltd.
(in Thai)
Kalebar, V.U., Hoskeri, J.H., Hiremath, S.V., Kalebar, R.V., Sonappanavar, A.B., Kulakarni, L.C., Agadi, B.S. &
Hiremath, M.B. (2019). Pharmacognostical and phytochemical analysis of Solanum macranthum (Dunal) fruits. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(1), 284-290.
Kaunda, J.S. & Zhang, Y.J. (2019). The genus Solanum: An ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and biological
properties review. Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 9, 77-137.
Khumhom, R. (2016). Phytochemical screening and biological activities of Millingtonia hortensis. M.Sc. Thesis.
Burapha University, Chon Buri. (in Thai)
Kirui, G.K., Dossaji, S.F., & Amugune, N.O. (2018). Changes in phytochemical content during different growth
stages in tubers of five varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science, 6(1), 12-22.
Kumar, P., Jitendra, K., Raghuveer, K., & Dubey, R.C. (2016). Studies on phytochemical constituents and
antimicrobial activities of leaves, fruits and stems of Solanum nigrum L. Asian journal of Plant Science and Research, 6(4), 57-68.
Lira, B.S., Rosado, D., Almeida, J., de Souza, A.P., Buckeridge, M.S., Purgatto, E., Guyer, L., Hörtensteiner, S.
Freschi, L., & Rossi, M. (2016). Pheophytinase knockdown impacts carbon metabolism and nutraceutical content under normal growth conditions in tomato. Plant & Cell Physiology, 57(3), 642–653.
doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcw021
Mbah, U.O. & Egbuonu, A.C.C. (2017). Ethanolic extract of Solanum melongena Linn fruit mitigated monosodium
glutamate-induced oxidative stress. International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 18(2), 1-8.
Nakano, R., Ogura, E., Kubo, Y., & Inaba, A. (2003). Ethylene biosynthesis in detached young persimmon fruit in
initiated in calyx and modulated by water loss from the fruit. Plant Physiology, 131, 276-286.
Nataraj, N.D. & Ramachandramurty, B. (2014). Preliminary phytochemical screening of Solanum trilobatum L.
young leaves. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 5(2), 80-82.
Paul, V., Pandey, R., & Srivastava, G.C. (2012). The fading distinctions between classical patterns of ripening
in climacteric and non-climacteric fruit and the ubiquity of ethylene - An overview. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 49(1), 1-21.
Patil, S.K. & Shanmugasundaram, S. (2015). Physiochemical changes during ripening of monthan banana.
International Journal of Technology Enhancements and Emerging Engineering Research, 3(2), 18-21.
Sambo, H.S., Olatunde, A., Kiyawa, A.S. (2016). Phytochemical, proximate and mineral analyses of Solanum
incanum fruit. International Journal of Chemical, Material and Environmental Research, 3(1), 8-13.
Saxena M., Saxena, J., Nema, R., Singh, D., & Gupta, A. Phytochemistry of medicinal plants. (2013). Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Photochemistry, 1(6), 168–182.
Schmelzer, G.H., Gurib-Fakim, A., Arroo, R., Bosch, C.H., de Ruijter, A., Simmonds, M.S.J., Lemmens,
R.H.M.J., & Oyen, L.P.A. (2008). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 11(1): Medicinal plants 1.
(Plant Resources of Tropical Africa; No.11(1)). Wageningen: Backhuys Publishers.
Sczkowski, C.P., Kalinowska, M., Wojciechowski, Z. (1998). The 3-o-glucosylation of steroidal sapogenins and
alkaloids in eggplant (Solanum melongena); evidence for two separate glucosyltransferases. Phytochemistry, 48, 1151-1159.
Singh, J. & Rai, M. (2005). Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.): Nutritional, Medicianal and Antioxidant Properties.
In National symposium on “Recent advances in integrate management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer” (10-15). Varanasi: Indian Institute of Vegetable Research.
Somprasong, W. (2007). Diversity of indigenous plants in Thailand No. I : The Genus Solanum L. Bangkok: Plant
Varieties Protection Office, Department of Agriculture. (in Thai)
Zhang, W. (2017). Phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial activity of the fruit extract of Solanum incanum
functions, biosynthesis, modulation and manipulation by genetic engineering. Planta, 246(5), 803-816.
Achikanu, C.E., Eze-Steven, P.E., Ude, C.M., & Ugwuokolie, O.C.U. (2013). Determination of the vitamin and
mineral composition of common leafy vegetables in south eastern Nigeria. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2(11), 347-353.
Atta, A., Mustafa, G., Sheikh, M.A., Shahid M., & Xiao, H. (2017). The biochemical significances of the proximate,
mineral and phytochemical composition of selected vegetables from Pakistan. Matrix Science Pharma,
1, 6-9.
Batista-Silva, W., Nascimento, V.L., Medeiros, D.B., Nunes-Nesi, A., Ribeiro, D.M., Zsögön, A., & Araújo, W.L.
(2018). Modifications in organic acid profiles during fruit development and ripening: correlation or causation? Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1689. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01689
Bohner, J. & Bangerth, F. (1988). Cell number, cell size and hormone levels in semi-isogenic mutants of
Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium differing in fruit size. Physiologia Plantarum, 72, 316-320. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1988.tb05839.x
Bouzayen, M., Latché, A., Nath, P., & Pech, J.C. (2010). Mechanism of Fruit Ripening – Chapter 16. In E.C. Pua &
M.R. Davey. (Eds.), Plant Development Biology – Biotechnological Perspectives vol.1. Springer.
Caruso, G., Pokluda, R., Sẹkara, A., Kalisz, A., Jezdinský, A., Kopta, T., & Grabowska, A. (2017). Agricultural
practices, biology and quality of eggplant cultivated in Central Europe: A review. Horticultural Science (Prague), 44(4), 201-212.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. (2nd edn). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Culpepper, C.W. & Moon, H.H. (1933). Composition of eggplant fruit at different stages of maturity in relation to
its preparation and use as food. Journal of Agricultural Research, 47(9), 705-717.
Deewiset, G., Aphasrithongkul, C., klinchan, C. & Leelapanung, S. (1999). Local vegetables in Central region.
Bangkok: Veterans Organization Publishing House. (in Thai)
Djaafar, Z. & Ridha, O.M. (2013). Phytochemical Study of Selected Medicinal plant, Solanum nigrum, the
Algerian Desert. International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, 20, 25-30.
Erturk, A.G., Erturk, O., Ayvaz, M.Ç., Erturk, E.Y. (2018). Screening of phytochemical, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities in extracts of some fruits and vegetables consumed in Turkey. Celal Bayar University Journal of Science, 14(1), 81-92.
Esteban, R.M., Molla, E.M., Robredo, L.M., & Lopez-Andreu, F.J. (1992). Changes in the chemical composition
of eggplant fruits development and ripening. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40(6),
998-1000.
Frond, A.D., Iuhas, C.I., Stirbu, I., Leopold, L., Socaci, S., Andreea, S., Ayvaz, H., Andreea, S., Mihai, S.,
Diaconeasa, Z., & Carmen, S. (2019). Phytochemical characterization of five edible purple-reddish vegetables: anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acid derivatives. Molecules, 24, 1536. doi:10.3390/molecules24081536
Hamouz, K., Pazderui, K., Lachman, J., Orsák, M., Pivec, V., Hejtmánková, K., Tomášek, J., & Cížek, M. (2014).
Effect of cultivar, flesh colour, location and year of cultivation on glycoalkaloid content in potato tubers. Plant, Soil and Environment, 60(11), 512-517.
Hanifah, A., Maharijaya, A., Putri, S.P., Laviña, W.A., & Sobir. (2018). Untargeted metabolomics analysis of
eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) fruit and its correlation to fruit morphologies. Metabolites, 8(49), doi:10.3390/metabo8030049
Jiramongkolkan, U. (2004). Indigenous vegetables 1. Bangkok: Amarin Printing and Publishing Public Co., Ltd.
(in Thai)
Kalebar, V.U., Hoskeri, J.H., Hiremath, S.V., Kalebar, R.V., Sonappanavar, A.B., Kulakarni, L.C., Agadi, B.S. &
Hiremath, M.B. (2019). Pharmacognostical and phytochemical analysis of Solanum macranthum (Dunal) fruits. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(1), 284-290.
Kaunda, J.S. & Zhang, Y.J. (2019). The genus Solanum: An ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and biological
properties review. Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 9, 77-137.
Khumhom, R. (2016). Phytochemical screening and biological activities of Millingtonia hortensis. M.Sc. Thesis.
Burapha University, Chon Buri. (in Thai)
Kirui, G.K., Dossaji, S.F., & Amugune, N.O. (2018). Changes in phytochemical content during different growth
stages in tubers of five varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science, 6(1), 12-22.
Kumar, P., Jitendra, K., Raghuveer, K., & Dubey, R.C. (2016). Studies on phytochemical constituents and
antimicrobial activities of leaves, fruits and stems of Solanum nigrum L. Asian journal of Plant Science and Research, 6(4), 57-68.
Lira, B.S., Rosado, D., Almeida, J., de Souza, A.P., Buckeridge, M.S., Purgatto, E., Guyer, L., Hörtensteiner, S.
Freschi, L., & Rossi, M. (2016). Pheophytinase knockdown impacts carbon metabolism and nutraceutical content under normal growth conditions in tomato. Plant & Cell Physiology, 57(3), 642–653.
doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcw021
Mbah, U.O. & Egbuonu, A.C.C. (2017). Ethanolic extract of Solanum melongena Linn fruit mitigated monosodium
glutamate-induced oxidative stress. International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 18(2), 1-8.
Nakano, R., Ogura, E., Kubo, Y., & Inaba, A. (2003). Ethylene biosynthesis in detached young persimmon fruit in
initiated in calyx and modulated by water loss from the fruit. Plant Physiology, 131, 276-286.
Nataraj, N.D. & Ramachandramurty, B. (2014). Preliminary phytochemical screening of Solanum trilobatum L.
young leaves. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 5(2), 80-82.
Paul, V., Pandey, R., & Srivastava, G.C. (2012). The fading distinctions between classical patterns of ripening
in climacteric and non-climacteric fruit and the ubiquity of ethylene - An overview. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 49(1), 1-21.
Patil, S.K. & Shanmugasundaram, S. (2015). Physiochemical changes during ripening of monthan banana.
International Journal of Technology Enhancements and Emerging Engineering Research, 3(2), 18-21.
Sambo, H.S., Olatunde, A., Kiyawa, A.S. (2016). Phytochemical, proximate and mineral analyses of Solanum
incanum fruit. International Journal of Chemical, Material and Environmental Research, 3(1), 8-13.
Saxena M., Saxena, J., Nema, R., Singh, D., & Gupta, A. Phytochemistry of medicinal plants. (2013). Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Photochemistry, 1(6), 168–182.
Schmelzer, G.H., Gurib-Fakim, A., Arroo, R., Bosch, C.H., de Ruijter, A., Simmonds, M.S.J., Lemmens,
R.H.M.J., & Oyen, L.P.A. (2008). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 11(1): Medicinal plants 1.
(Plant Resources of Tropical Africa; No.11(1)). Wageningen: Backhuys Publishers.
Sczkowski, C.P., Kalinowska, M., Wojciechowski, Z. (1998). The 3-o-glucosylation of steroidal sapogenins and
alkaloids in eggplant (Solanum melongena); evidence for two separate glucosyltransferases. Phytochemistry, 48, 1151-1159.
Singh, J. & Rai, M. (2005). Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.): Nutritional, Medicianal and Antioxidant Properties.
In National symposium on “Recent advances in integrate management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer” (10-15). Varanasi: Indian Institute of Vegetable Research.
Somprasong, W. (2007). Diversity of indigenous plants in Thailand No. I : The Genus Solanum L. Bangkok: Plant
Varieties Protection Office, Department of Agriculture. (in Thai)
Zhang, W. (2017). Phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial activity of the fruit extract of Solanum incanum
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2020-05-01
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