A Survey of Phthalates Contamination in Children’s Toys
Abstract
The amount of phthalates impurities in toys in Hat Yai Municipality, Hat Yai District, Songkhla Province was determined. Three types of toys were investigated, including 1) toys from general stores 2) toys from second-hand shops and 3) toys from donated. Ninety samples were surveyed and collected during the period from August to December 2018. The phthalates from the samples were extracted by sonication method with tetrahydrofuran at 1 hour, and their amounts were measured with the Gas Chromatograph-Tandem Mass Spectrophotometer using gas chromatography testing technique - Electron Ionization / Tandem Mass Spectrometry. The contamination of DEHP was higher than that of other phthalate substances (BBP DBP DINP and DnOP). The maximum value was found 727,845.90 ng/mL in rubber ball for children older than 3 years. The highest amount of DEHP was found in the range of 0.01 - 1,000 ng/mL (75% of all samples) from 20 pieces collected from general stores, from 25 pieces collected from second-hand shops and from 23 pieces from donation shops. In accordance with The Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA, 2008), it was found that 89% of the samples passed the criteria and 11% of the samples did not meet the criteria. The contaminated DEHP was found in the range 0.14% - 10.92% w/w. Rubber ball, rubber ducks, human or animals figures made from plastic were contaminated with DEHP in high volume and exceeded the standard value of 0.1% w/w. Keywords : phthalates, DEHP, children’s toys, Hatyai, SongkhlaReferences
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Zou, Y., & Cai, M. (2013). Determination of phthalate concentration in toys and children’s products, Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Agilent Technologies. 1-10. Retrieved November 22, 2015, from: https://www.agilent .com/cs/library/applications/ 5990-4863EN.pdf
Goodman, W. (2009). GC/MS Analysis of Phthalates in children’s products, Application Note, Gas chromatography/Mass spectrometry, PerkinElmer. Retrieved November 22, 2015, from: http://www.perkinelmer.com/CMSResources/Images/44-74149APP_GCMSAnalysisofphthalatesin ChildrensProducts.pdf
Huang, L., Liu, Z., Yi, L., Liu, C., & Yang, D. (2011). Determination of the banned phthalates in PVC plastic of toys by the soxhelt extraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method. International Journal of Chemistry, 3(2), 169-172.
Ionas, A. C., Dirtu, A. C., Anthonissen, T., Neels, H., & Covaci, A. (2014). Downsides of the recycling process: Harmful organic chemicals in children’s toys. Environmental International, 65, 54-62.
Luevitoonvechkij, S. (2007). Types of research patterns. Buddhachinaraj medical journal, 24, 369-380. (in Thai)
Official Journal of the European Union. (2005). Directive 2005/84/EC of the European parliament and of the council of 14 December 2005. L344/41. Retrieved June 17, 2016, from: http://www.ce-mark.com/200584EC.pdf
Pinsrithong, S. & Bunkoed, O. (2018). Hierarchical porous nanostructured polypyrrole-coated hydrogel beads containing reduced graphene oxide and magnetite nanoparticles for extraction of phthalates in bottled drinks. Journal of Chromatography A, 1570, 19-27.
Sriyothai, W. & Suwan, D. (2012). Method for determination of phthalate contents in PVC plastic toys using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Bulletin of Applied Sciences, 1(1), 23-29. (in Thai)
Sriyothai, W. (2016). Phthalate hazardous substances in plastics. (pp. 16-17). Department of science service, Ministry of science and Technology (in Thai)
Vollakitkasemskul, S. (2011). Research methodology in behavioral sciences and social sciences, Udon Thani Rajabhat University. Retrieved June 23, 2016, from http://www.udru.ac.th/index .php/elearning-king-84-years-book02.html (in Thai)
Zou, Y., & Cai, M. (2013). Determination of phthalate concentration in toys and children’s products, Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Agilent Technologies. 1-10. Retrieved November 22, 2015, from: https://www.agilent .com/cs/library/applications/ 5990-4863EN.pdf
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Published
2020-05-01
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Research Article
