Effects of the Frequency of Probiotic Dietary Supplementation on Growth and Immunity of Nile Tilapia
Abstract
The effects of the frequency of using Bacillus subtillis probiotics (G biotic) dietary supplementation on growth and immunity of Nile Tilapia were investigated by comparing the number of feeding days and the number of probiotic application. There were 5 treatments with 2 replication each. It consisted of treatment 1, control group, feeding daily without probiotic supplement; treatment 2, feeding 5 days/week without probiotic supplement; treatment 3, feeding daily with 10 ml G biotic / 1 kg of feed; treatment 4, feeding 5 days/week with 10 ml G biotic / 1 kg of feed; treatment 5, feeding daily but adding 10 ml G biotic / 1 kg of feed every other week. Fish with an initial weight approximately 20 g were randomly allocated into cages; 30 fish/cage. The experiment period was 60 days. The results showed fish in treatment 5, fed commercial feed daily but applying the probiotic every other week had the highest increased weight, 84.69±0.59 g/fish (P<0.05). This study showed that feeding tilapia with probiotic supplementary feed was able to improve growth performance; however, there is no need to apply daily. The fish survival rates in treatments 1 and 2 were 93.34±4.72 and 93.34±9.43 % while treatments 3, 4 and 5 were 100±0.00%, respectively but there was no significant difference (P>0.05). Lysozyme activity of fish in treatment 5, 1 month and 2 month after experiment began, was significantly highest (P<0.05). In addition, 15 days after Streptococcus agalactiae challenge, lysozyme activity of fish in treatment 5 was significantly highest (P<0.05). Phagocytosis of fish in treatment 5 before and 15 days after S. agalactiae challenge was significantly highest (P<0.05). In conclusion, probiotic B. subtillis can be applied in tilapia feed to enhance growth and non-specific immunity. Keywords : probiotics ; Nile Tilapia ; growth performance ; immunityReferences
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probiotics on growth, feed utilization and digestive enzymes activities of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. J. Arab. Aquac. Soc., 5, 143 – 161.
Fisheries Economics. (2016). Situation of Tilapia Report. Retrieved August 1, 2019, from
http://fishco.fisheries.go.th/fisheconomic/pages/fish%20tilapia.html# (in Thai)
Galagarza, O.A., Smith, S.A., Drahos, D.J., Eifert, J.D., & Kuhn, D.D. (2018). Modulation of innate
immunity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis endospores. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 83, 171 – 179.
Georgiadis, D., Schwarz, S., Baumgartner, R.W., Veltkamp, R., & Schwab, S. (2001). Influence of Positive
End-Expiratory Pressure on Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Perfusion Pressure in Patients with Acute Stroke. American Heart Association, 32, 2088-2092.
Kuebutornye, F.K.A., Abarike, E.D., & Lu, Y. (2019). A review on the application of Bacillus as probiotics
in aquaculture. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 87, 820 – 828.
Hai, N.V. (2015). Research findings from the use of probiotics in tilapia aquaculture: A review
Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 45, 592 – 597.
Magnadóttir, B. (2006). Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 20(2), 137 – 151.
Mukherjee, A., Chandra, G., & Ghosh, K. (2019). Single or conjoint application of
autochthonous Bacillus strains as potential probiotics: Effects on growth, feed utilization, immunity and disease resistance in Rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Aquaculture, 512, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734302
Nayak, S. K. (2010). Probiotics and immunity: A fish perspective. Fish & Shellfish Immunology,
29(1), 2 – 14.
Parry, R.M., Chandau, R.C., & Shahani, R.M. (1965). A rapid and sensitive assay of muramidase.
Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med, 119, 384-386.
Prapansak, S., & Nonthawit, A. (2017). Efficacy of viable Bacillus pumilusisolated from farmed fish on
immune responses and increased disease resistance in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Laboratory and on-farm trials. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 67, 199–210.
Promnuan, K. & Kiriratnikom, S. (2018). Effect of Different Levels of Bacillus licheniformis Supplements in
Diets on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization and Intestinal Bacteria of Hybrid Red Tilapia. Thaksin.J., 21, 43 – 50. (in Thai)
Richard, A. (2008). Effects of Probiotic Diet Supplements on Disease Resistance and Immune Response
of Young Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 18(2), 23-34.
Rodmongkoldee, M., Leelapatra, W, & Thaimuangphol, W, (2017). Effect of Probiotics on Growth
Performance and Survival Rate in Anabas testudineus. Journal of Science and Technology,
Ubon Ratchathani University (Supplementary). 82-89. (in Thai)
Şahin, K., Yazlak, H., Orhan, C., Tuzcu, M., Akdemir, F. & Şahin, N. (2014). The effect of lycopene on
antioxidant status in rainbow trout reared under high stocking density. Aquaculture, 418 (419),
132-138. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.
Secombes, C. J. (1990). Isolation of salmonid macrophages and analysis of their killing activity.
Techniques in Fish Immunology, NJ 07704-3303, 139-154.
Senasri, N. (2015). Effect of Bacillus spp. as Probiotic in Feed on Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Culture. Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok Research Journal, 8(2), 61-66.
(in Thai)
Suwan, C. & Chitmanat, C. (2017). The application of probiotics for Tilapia culture. Chiang Mai Veterinary
Journal, 15(1), 15 – 24. (in Thai)
Villarroel, M., Alavriño, J.M.R. & López-Luna, J. (2011). Effect of Feeding Frequency and One Day Fasting
on Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Water Quality. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture, 63,
1 – 6.
Wang, L., P. Liu, Z. Y. Wan, S. Q. Huang, Y. F. Wen, G. Lin, & Yue, G. H. (2016). RNA-Seq revealed the
impairment of immune defence of tilapia against the infection of Streptococcus agalactiae with simulated climate warming. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 55, 679 – 689.
Wang, Y., Hu, S., Chiu, C., & Liu, C. (2019). Multiple-strain probiotics appear to be more effective in
improving the growth performance and health status of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, than single probiotic strains. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 84, 1050 -1058.
Widanarni and Tanbiyaskur. (2015). Application of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic for the
control of streptococcosis in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Pak J Biol Sci, 18(2), 59 – 66. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2015.59.66.
Yoshida, T. & Kitao, T. (1991). The Opsonic Effect of Specific Immune Serum on the Phagocytic and
Chemiluminescent Response in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Phagocytes. Fish Pathology, 26(1), 29-33.
probiotics on growth, feed utilization and digestive enzymes activities of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. J. Arab. Aquac. Soc., 5, 143 – 161.
Fisheries Economics. (2016). Situation of Tilapia Report. Retrieved August 1, 2019, from
http://fishco.fisheries.go.th/fisheconomic/pages/fish%20tilapia.html# (in Thai)
Galagarza, O.A., Smith, S.A., Drahos, D.J., Eifert, J.D., & Kuhn, D.D. (2018). Modulation of innate
immunity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis endospores. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 83, 171 – 179.
Georgiadis, D., Schwarz, S., Baumgartner, R.W., Veltkamp, R., & Schwab, S. (2001). Influence of Positive
End-Expiratory Pressure on Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Perfusion Pressure in Patients with Acute Stroke. American Heart Association, 32, 2088-2092.
Kuebutornye, F.K.A., Abarike, E.D., & Lu, Y. (2019). A review on the application of Bacillus as probiotics
in aquaculture. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 87, 820 – 828.
Hai, N.V. (2015). Research findings from the use of probiotics in tilapia aquaculture: A review
Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 45, 592 – 597.
Magnadóttir, B. (2006). Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 20(2), 137 – 151.
Mukherjee, A., Chandra, G., & Ghosh, K. (2019). Single or conjoint application of
autochthonous Bacillus strains as potential probiotics: Effects on growth, feed utilization, immunity and disease resistance in Rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Aquaculture, 512, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734302
Nayak, S. K. (2010). Probiotics and immunity: A fish perspective. Fish & Shellfish Immunology,
29(1), 2 – 14.
Parry, R.M., Chandau, R.C., & Shahani, R.M. (1965). A rapid and sensitive assay of muramidase.
Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med, 119, 384-386.
Prapansak, S., & Nonthawit, A. (2017). Efficacy of viable Bacillus pumilusisolated from farmed fish on
immune responses and increased disease resistance in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Laboratory and on-farm trials. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 67, 199–210.
Promnuan, K. & Kiriratnikom, S. (2018). Effect of Different Levels of Bacillus licheniformis Supplements in
Diets on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization and Intestinal Bacteria of Hybrid Red Tilapia. Thaksin.J., 21, 43 – 50. (in Thai)
Richard, A. (2008). Effects of Probiotic Diet Supplements on Disease Resistance and Immune Response
of Young Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 18(2), 23-34.
Rodmongkoldee, M., Leelapatra, W, & Thaimuangphol, W, (2017). Effect of Probiotics on Growth
Performance and Survival Rate in Anabas testudineus. Journal of Science and Technology,
Ubon Ratchathani University (Supplementary). 82-89. (in Thai)
Şahin, K., Yazlak, H., Orhan, C., Tuzcu, M., Akdemir, F. & Şahin, N. (2014). The effect of lycopene on
antioxidant status in rainbow trout reared under high stocking density. Aquaculture, 418 (419),
132-138. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.
Secombes, C. J. (1990). Isolation of salmonid macrophages and analysis of their killing activity.
Techniques in Fish Immunology, NJ 07704-3303, 139-154.
Senasri, N. (2015). Effect of Bacillus spp. as Probiotic in Feed on Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Culture. Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok Research Journal, 8(2), 61-66.
(in Thai)
Suwan, C. & Chitmanat, C. (2017). The application of probiotics for Tilapia culture. Chiang Mai Veterinary
Journal, 15(1), 15 – 24. (in Thai)
Villarroel, M., Alavriño, J.M.R. & López-Luna, J. (2011). Effect of Feeding Frequency and One Day Fasting
on Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Water Quality. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture, 63,
1 – 6.
Wang, L., P. Liu, Z. Y. Wan, S. Q. Huang, Y. F. Wen, G. Lin, & Yue, G. H. (2016). RNA-Seq revealed the
impairment of immune defence of tilapia against the infection of Streptococcus agalactiae with simulated climate warming. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 55, 679 – 689.
Wang, Y., Hu, S., Chiu, C., & Liu, C. (2019). Multiple-strain probiotics appear to be more effective in
improving the growth performance and health status of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, than single probiotic strains. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 84, 1050 -1058.
Widanarni and Tanbiyaskur. (2015). Application of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic for the
control of streptococcosis in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Pak J Biol Sci, 18(2), 59 – 66. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2015.59.66.
Yoshida, T. & Kitao, T. (1991). The Opsonic Effect of Specific Immune Serum on the Phagocytic and
Chemiluminescent Response in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Phagocytes. Fish Pathology, 26(1), 29-33.
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2020-09-01
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