Cryopreservation of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Spermatozoa: Technique and Management
Abstract
Nile tilapia spermatozoa cryopreservation is one of the most promising biotechnologies used for germplasm collection to promote conservation, produce fingerlings in winter season and improve new aquaculture strain traits by selection breeding to get better production that are more important roles. The success of fish sperm storage depends on two major factors include 1) the management of milt collection consists of spermatozoa morphology, viability, density and motility must be understood. Moreover, the testis, sperm components and the factors related to enhance their quality should be known too. Currently, the advanced technologies relating to broodstock improvement have been applied to make tilapia male get better for sperm production and 2) The cryostorage technique of tilapia sperm in -196 Degree Celsius liquid nitrogen (LN2) is the next procedure after sperm management. This requires the use of high-quality sperm, selection of suitable extender and cryoprotectant used for freezing of sperm, a suitable ratio of sperm and extender and an optimal equilibration time to minimize cryoinjuries. However, the cooling rate and thawing are the most important process to be concerned. This review article has gathered data from many reported papers to accomplish the procedure for tilapia sperm cryopreservation for future aquaculture utilization Keywords: spermatozoa, Nile tilapia, cryopreservation, technique and managementReferences
Agnese, J.F., Oteme, Z.J., & Gilles, S. (1995). Effects of domestication on genetic variability, fertility, survival
and growth rate in a tropical siluriform: Heterobranchus longifilis Valenciennes 1840. Aquaculture,
131, 197–204.
Almeida, D.B., Bassini, L.N., Paldês da Costa, M.A., Calabuig, C.I.P., Moreira, C.G.Á., Rodrigues, M.D.N., Varela Junior, A.S., Corcini, C.D., Dode, M.E.B., & Moreira, H.L.M. (2016). Sperm evaluation in strains of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Advances in Agriculture, 6 (2), 933 – 941.
Altunok, M., Muller-Belecke, A., & Horstgen-Schwark, G. (2004). Cryopreservation of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Sperm. Conference Paper “Rural Poverty Reduction through Research for Development” Berlin.
Asmad, K., Wan Khadijah, W.E., & Abdullah, R.B. (2011). Effects of Different Stages of Cryopreservation of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Sperm and the Variability between Three Individual Fish in Response to Cryopreservation. Journal of Agrobiotech, 2, 25 - 33.
Astuarino, J.F., Sorbera, L.A., Carrillo, M., Zanuy, S., Ramos, J., Navarro, J.C., & Bromage, N. (2001). Reproductive performance in male European seabass fed two PUFA-enriched experimental diets:
a comparison with males fed a wet diet. Aquaculture, 194, 173-190.
Avnimelech, Y. (2009). Biofloc Technology A Practice Guide. The World Aquaculture Society, third edition.
Borges, A., Siqueira, D.R., Jurinitz, D.F., Zanini, R., Amaral, F., & Wassermann, G.F. (2005). Biochemical composition of seminal plasma and annual variations in semen characteristics of jundiá, Rhamdiaquelen (Quoy and Gaimard, Pimelodidae). Fish Physiol Biochem, 31, 45 - 53.
Bozkurt, Y., & Yavaş, L. (2016). Cryopreservation of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Sperm.
Cryopreservation in Eukaryote, 76 – 90.
Chao, N.H., Chao, W.C., Liu, K.C., & Liao, I.C. (1987). The properties of tilapia sperm and its cryopreservation. Journal of Fisheries Biology, 30, 107–118.
Chao, N.H. (1991). Fish sperm cryopreservation in Taiwan: Technology advancement and extention efforts. International Symposium on Reproductive Biology in Aquaculture. Taipei: Department of Aquaculture, Taiwan Fisheries v Research Institute.
Ciereszko, A., Glogowski, J., & Dabrowski, K. (2000). Biochemical characteristics of seminal plasma and spermatozoa of freshwater fishes. In: Tiersch T.R., Mazik P.M. (eds.): World Aquaculture Society. Cryopreservation of Aquatic Species. Baton Rouge, LA, USA, 20–48.
Cosson, J. (1999). Frenetic activation of fish spermatozoa flagella entails short-term motility, portinding their precocious decadence. Journal of Fisheries Biology, 76, 240 - 279.
Department of Fisheries. (2010). Nile Tilapia Culture. Extension document, Fisheries technology research and transfer development office. 32 p. (in Thai).
Dzyuba, B., Legendre, M., Baroiller, J.F., & Cosson, J. (2019). Sperm motility of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Effects of temperature on the swimming characteristics. Animal Reproduction Science,
202, 65 – 72.
Evans, J.P. (2010). Quantitative genetic evidence that males trade attractiveness for ejaculate quality in guppies. P Roy Soc B-Biol Sci ,277, 3195 – 3201.
Fauvel, C., Suquet, M., & Cosson, J. (2010). Evaluation of fish sperm quality. Journal Apply Ichthyology,
26, 636–643.
Gennotte, V., Francois, E., Rougeot, C., Ponthier, J., Deleuze, S., & Mélard, C. (2012). Sperm quality analysis in XX, XY and YY males of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Theriogenology, 78, 210–217.
Godinho, H.P. (2007). Estratégiasreprodutivas de peixesaplicadas á aquicultura: bases para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de produção. Rev. Bras. Reprod. Animal, 31, 351-360.
Guest, W.C. (1973). Spermatology and sperm preservation of Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Master thesis. School of Forestry and wildlife management. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. 92 pp.
Hemchun, W. (2013). Fish: Biology and Taxonomy. Chulalongkon University Press. 396 p. (in Thai).
Jamenez, E.B.T., & Bolivar, R.B. (2018). Effect of Age Broodstock on Seed Production and Sex Reversal of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) Fry in Hapas. The 7th international fisheries conference, Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, 32 p.
Jarimopas, P., Tavaratmaneekul, P., & Inkuan, A. (1994). Gonadal Development of Thai Red Tilapia. Proceedings of the 32nd Kasetsart University Annual Conference: Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Bangkok, 488 – 505. (in Thai).
Kilavanit, A., Nimrat, S., & Vuthiphandchai, V. (2017). Development of Cryopreservation Technique of Silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) Sperm Frozen in the Straw using Dry Ice. Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok Research Journal, 10 (2), 84-91. (in Thai).
Li, M.H., Minchew, C.D., Oberle, D.F., & Robinson, E.H. (2010). Evaluation of glycerol from biodiesel production as a feed ingredient for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 41, 130 – 136.
Linhart, O., Walford, J., Sivaloganathan, B., & Lam, T.J. (1999). Effects of osmolality and ions on the motility of stripped and testicular sperm of freshwater and seawater-acclimated tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Journal of Fisheries Biology, 55, 1344 – 1358.
Luo, G., Gao, Q., Wang, C., Liu, W., Sun, D., & Li, L. (2014). Growth, digestive activity, welfare, and partial cost-effectiveness of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system and an indoor biofloc system. Aquaculture, 422, 1–7.
Mengamphan, K. (1998). The spermatozoa cryopreservation for fish production and breeding. Final report, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agricultural Production, Maejo University. 82 p. (in Thai).
Mewe, J.K., Meurer, F., Tessaro, L., Buzzi, A.H., Syperreck, M.A., & Bombardelli, R.A. (2016). Diets containing crude glycerin damage the sperm characteristics and modify the testis histology of Nile tilapia broodstock. Aquaculture, 465, 164 – 171.
Mochida, K., Kondo, T., Matsubara, T., Adachi, S., & Yamauchi, K. (1999). A high molecular weight glycoprotein in seminal plasma is a sperm immobilizing factor in the teleost Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Develop Growth Differ, 41, 503–522.
Mongkolpunya, K. (1993). Cryopreservation of fish spermatozoa: Principle, Method and Advantage. Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University. 128 p. (in Thai).
Muchlisin, Z.A. (2005). REVIEW: Current Status of Extenders and Cryoprotectants on Fish Spermatozoa Cryopreservation. BIODIVERSITAS, 6, 66 – 69.
Nahiduzzaman, M., Akter, S., Hassan, M.M., Azad Shah, A.K.M., & Hossain, M.A.R. (2014). Sperm biology of artificially induced common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758). International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 1(6), 27 – 31.
Navarro, R.D., Navarro, F.K.S.P., Felizardo, V.O., Murgas, L.D.S., & Pereira, M.M. (2014). Cryopreservation of semen of Thailand tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) fed diet with different oil sources. Acta Scientiarum Technology, 36, 399 – 404.
Paulino, M.S., Veras, G.C., Felizardo, V.O., Solis – Murgas, L.D., & Freitas, R. T. F. (2016). Assessment of Gametes in Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus: Effects of Body Weight in a New Lineage. Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 10 (2), 63 - 69.
Peruzzi, S., Rudolfsen, G., Primicerio, R., Frantzen, M., & Kaurić, G. (2009). Milt characteristics of diploid and triploid Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Aquaculture research, 40 (10), 1160 – 1169.
Pewnane, P., & Sodsuk, P.K. (2003). Aquatic animal and Aquatic plant cryopreservation. Gene banking research and development group, Aquatic Animal Genetics Research and Development Institute, Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, 17 p. (in Thai).
Pewnane, P., Ampolsak, K., Jeenmik, T., & Makkasab, C. (2004). Cryopreservation of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Spermatozoa. Technical Paper no. 6, Aquatic Animal Genetics Research and Development Institute, Department of Fisheries, Bangkok. 39 p. (in Thai).
Piironen, J., & Hyvarinen, H. (1983). Composition of the milt of some teleost fishes. Journal of Fisheries Biology, 22, 351– 361.
Pinheiro, M.F.M., Guimarães de Souza, S.M., & Gil Barcellos, L.J. (2003). Exposure to 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one changes seminal characteristics in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture Research, 34, 1047 – 1052.
Ponchunchoovong, S., Imsilp, U., & Singsee, S. (2011). Preservation of Small scale mud carp, Cirrhinus microlepis sperm and a study on the suitable sperm: egg ratio of fresh or cryopreserved sperm. Final report, Suranaree University of Technology. 87 p. (in Thai).
Plaipetch, P. (2016). Nutritional Management for Culturing Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Science and Technology, Thammasart University (Rangsit campus), 24(1), 12 – 39. (in Thai).
Promya, J., & Saetun, K. (2005). Cultivation of Spirulina Alga for Health. Fisheries Technology, Department, Faculty of Agricultural Production, Maejo University, Thailand.
Promya, J., Thongmee, B., & Srinuansom, K. (2012). The effects of Spirulina platensis feeding on growth performance, gonadosomatic index and immunity stimulating capacity in fancy carps (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus). Journal of Fisheries Technology Research, 6 (1), 11 – 22. (in Thai).
Psenicka, M., Rodina, M., Flajshans, M., Kaspar, V., & Linhart, O. (2009). Structural abnormalities of common carp Cyprinus carpio spermatozoa. Fish Physiol Biochem, 35, 591 – 597.
Rahman, S.M., Majhi, S.K., Suzuki, T., Matsukawa, S., Strussmann, C.A., & Takai, R. (2008). Suitability of cryoprotectants and impregnation protocols for embryos of Japanese whiting Sillago japonica. Cryobiology, 57, 170 - 174.
Rana, J.K., & Mcandrew, B.J. (1987). The viability of cryopreserved tilapia spermatozoa. Aquaculture,
76, 335 – 345.
Rashid, I., Hossain, M.S., Salam, M.A., & Rafiquzzaman, S.M. (2019). Evaluation of seminal plasma composition and spermatozoa quality parameters of silver barb, Barbonymus gonionotus Bleeker, 1850. Fish Physiol Biochem, 45, 105–114.
Ruangsomboon, S., & Choochote, S. (2014). Chemical Composition and Growth Performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed Diets Supplemented with Green Alga, Cladophora glomerata. King Mongkut’s Agricultural Journal, 32 (2), 1 - 8. (in Thai).
Sermwattanakul, A., & Bamrungtham, B. (2000). Feed for Orimentral Fish. Institute for Research of Orimentral l Water Animals and Exhibition Places, Bangkok, Thailand pp: 16–19.
Shivaji, S., Jayaprakash, D., & Patil, S.B. (1998). Assessment of inbreeding depression in big cat: Testosterone levels and semen analysis. Current science, 75 (9), 923 – 930.
Verma, D.K., Routray, P., Dash, C., Dasgupta, S., & Jena, J.K. (2009). Physical and Biochemical Characteristics of Semen and Ultrastructure of Spermatozoa in Six Carp Species. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 9, 67-76.
Vuthiphandchai, V., Irawana, H., & Nimrat, S. (2010). The effect of extenders, cryoprotectants and cryopreservation methods on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) sperm. Animal Reproduction Science, 122, 236 – 243.
Wagner, E., Arndta, R., & Hilton, B. (2002). Physiological stress responses, egg survival and sperm motility for rainbow trout broodstock anesthetized with clove oil, tricaine methane sulfonate or carbon dioxide. Aquaculture, 211, 353-366.
Wankanapol, A. (2012). Evaluation of different cryopreservation agents used in the cryopreservation of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) embryo. Ph.D. Dissertation. Central Luzon State University. Philippines. 154 p.
Zohar, Y. (1996). New approaches for the manipulation of ovulation and spawning in farmed fish. Bull Natl Res Inst Aquac, 43 – 48.
and growth rate in a tropical siluriform: Heterobranchus longifilis Valenciennes 1840. Aquaculture,
131, 197–204.
Almeida, D.B., Bassini, L.N., Paldês da Costa, M.A., Calabuig, C.I.P., Moreira, C.G.Á., Rodrigues, M.D.N., Varela Junior, A.S., Corcini, C.D., Dode, M.E.B., & Moreira, H.L.M. (2016). Sperm evaluation in strains of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Advances in Agriculture, 6 (2), 933 – 941.
Altunok, M., Muller-Belecke, A., & Horstgen-Schwark, G. (2004). Cryopreservation of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Sperm. Conference Paper “Rural Poverty Reduction through Research for Development” Berlin.
Asmad, K., Wan Khadijah, W.E., & Abdullah, R.B. (2011). Effects of Different Stages of Cryopreservation of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Sperm and the Variability between Three Individual Fish in Response to Cryopreservation. Journal of Agrobiotech, 2, 25 - 33.
Astuarino, J.F., Sorbera, L.A., Carrillo, M., Zanuy, S., Ramos, J., Navarro, J.C., & Bromage, N. (2001). Reproductive performance in male European seabass fed two PUFA-enriched experimental diets:
a comparison with males fed a wet diet. Aquaculture, 194, 173-190.
Avnimelech, Y. (2009). Biofloc Technology A Practice Guide. The World Aquaculture Society, third edition.
Borges, A., Siqueira, D.R., Jurinitz, D.F., Zanini, R., Amaral, F., & Wassermann, G.F. (2005). Biochemical composition of seminal plasma and annual variations in semen characteristics of jundiá, Rhamdiaquelen (Quoy and Gaimard, Pimelodidae). Fish Physiol Biochem, 31, 45 - 53.
Bozkurt, Y., & Yavaş, L. (2016). Cryopreservation of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Sperm.
Cryopreservation in Eukaryote, 76 – 90.
Chao, N.H., Chao, W.C., Liu, K.C., & Liao, I.C. (1987). The properties of tilapia sperm and its cryopreservation. Journal of Fisheries Biology, 30, 107–118.
Chao, N.H. (1991). Fish sperm cryopreservation in Taiwan: Technology advancement and extention efforts. International Symposium on Reproductive Biology in Aquaculture. Taipei: Department of Aquaculture, Taiwan Fisheries v Research Institute.
Ciereszko, A., Glogowski, J., & Dabrowski, K. (2000). Biochemical characteristics of seminal plasma and spermatozoa of freshwater fishes. In: Tiersch T.R., Mazik P.M. (eds.): World Aquaculture Society. Cryopreservation of Aquatic Species. Baton Rouge, LA, USA, 20–48.
Cosson, J. (1999). Frenetic activation of fish spermatozoa flagella entails short-term motility, portinding their precocious decadence. Journal of Fisheries Biology, 76, 240 - 279.
Department of Fisheries. (2010). Nile Tilapia Culture. Extension document, Fisheries technology research and transfer development office. 32 p. (in Thai).
Dzyuba, B., Legendre, M., Baroiller, J.F., & Cosson, J. (2019). Sperm motility of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Effects of temperature on the swimming characteristics. Animal Reproduction Science,
202, 65 – 72.
Evans, J.P. (2010). Quantitative genetic evidence that males trade attractiveness for ejaculate quality in guppies. P Roy Soc B-Biol Sci ,277, 3195 – 3201.
Fauvel, C., Suquet, M., & Cosson, J. (2010). Evaluation of fish sperm quality. Journal Apply Ichthyology,
26, 636–643.
Gennotte, V., Francois, E., Rougeot, C., Ponthier, J., Deleuze, S., & Mélard, C. (2012). Sperm quality analysis in XX, XY and YY males of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Theriogenology, 78, 210–217.
Godinho, H.P. (2007). Estratégiasreprodutivas de peixesaplicadas á aquicultura: bases para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de produção. Rev. Bras. Reprod. Animal, 31, 351-360.
Guest, W.C. (1973). Spermatology and sperm preservation of Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Master thesis. School of Forestry and wildlife management. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. 92 pp.
Hemchun, W. (2013). Fish: Biology and Taxonomy. Chulalongkon University Press. 396 p. (in Thai).
Jamenez, E.B.T., & Bolivar, R.B. (2018). Effect of Age Broodstock on Seed Production and Sex Reversal of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) Fry in Hapas. The 7th international fisheries conference, Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, 32 p.
Jarimopas, P., Tavaratmaneekul, P., & Inkuan, A. (1994). Gonadal Development of Thai Red Tilapia. Proceedings of the 32nd Kasetsart University Annual Conference: Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Bangkok, 488 – 505. (in Thai).
Kilavanit, A., Nimrat, S., & Vuthiphandchai, V. (2017). Development of Cryopreservation Technique of Silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) Sperm Frozen in the Straw using Dry Ice. Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok Research Journal, 10 (2), 84-91. (in Thai).
Li, M.H., Minchew, C.D., Oberle, D.F., & Robinson, E.H. (2010). Evaluation of glycerol from biodiesel production as a feed ingredient for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 41, 130 – 136.
Linhart, O., Walford, J., Sivaloganathan, B., & Lam, T.J. (1999). Effects of osmolality and ions on the motility of stripped and testicular sperm of freshwater and seawater-acclimated tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Journal of Fisheries Biology, 55, 1344 – 1358.
Luo, G., Gao, Q., Wang, C., Liu, W., Sun, D., & Li, L. (2014). Growth, digestive activity, welfare, and partial cost-effectiveness of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system and an indoor biofloc system. Aquaculture, 422, 1–7.
Mengamphan, K. (1998). The spermatozoa cryopreservation for fish production and breeding. Final report, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agricultural Production, Maejo University. 82 p. (in Thai).
Mewe, J.K., Meurer, F., Tessaro, L., Buzzi, A.H., Syperreck, M.A., & Bombardelli, R.A. (2016). Diets containing crude glycerin damage the sperm characteristics and modify the testis histology of Nile tilapia broodstock. Aquaculture, 465, 164 – 171.
Mochida, K., Kondo, T., Matsubara, T., Adachi, S., & Yamauchi, K. (1999). A high molecular weight glycoprotein in seminal plasma is a sperm immobilizing factor in the teleost Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Develop Growth Differ, 41, 503–522.
Mongkolpunya, K. (1993). Cryopreservation of fish spermatozoa: Principle, Method and Advantage. Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University. 128 p. (in Thai).
Muchlisin, Z.A. (2005). REVIEW: Current Status of Extenders and Cryoprotectants on Fish Spermatozoa Cryopreservation. BIODIVERSITAS, 6, 66 – 69.
Nahiduzzaman, M., Akter, S., Hassan, M.M., Azad Shah, A.K.M., & Hossain, M.A.R. (2014). Sperm biology of artificially induced common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758). International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 1(6), 27 – 31.
Navarro, R.D., Navarro, F.K.S.P., Felizardo, V.O., Murgas, L.D.S., & Pereira, M.M. (2014). Cryopreservation of semen of Thailand tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) fed diet with different oil sources. Acta Scientiarum Technology, 36, 399 – 404.
Paulino, M.S., Veras, G.C., Felizardo, V.O., Solis – Murgas, L.D., & Freitas, R. T. F. (2016). Assessment of Gametes in Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus: Effects of Body Weight in a New Lineage. Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 10 (2), 63 - 69.
Peruzzi, S., Rudolfsen, G., Primicerio, R., Frantzen, M., & Kaurić, G. (2009). Milt characteristics of diploid and triploid Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Aquaculture research, 40 (10), 1160 – 1169.
Pewnane, P., & Sodsuk, P.K. (2003). Aquatic animal and Aquatic plant cryopreservation. Gene banking research and development group, Aquatic Animal Genetics Research and Development Institute, Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, 17 p. (in Thai).
Pewnane, P., Ampolsak, K., Jeenmik, T., & Makkasab, C. (2004). Cryopreservation of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Spermatozoa. Technical Paper no. 6, Aquatic Animal Genetics Research and Development Institute, Department of Fisheries, Bangkok. 39 p. (in Thai).
Piironen, J., & Hyvarinen, H. (1983). Composition of the milt of some teleost fishes. Journal of Fisheries Biology, 22, 351– 361.
Pinheiro, M.F.M., Guimarães de Souza, S.M., & Gil Barcellos, L.J. (2003). Exposure to 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one changes seminal characteristics in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture Research, 34, 1047 – 1052.
Ponchunchoovong, S., Imsilp, U., & Singsee, S. (2011). Preservation of Small scale mud carp, Cirrhinus microlepis sperm and a study on the suitable sperm: egg ratio of fresh or cryopreserved sperm. Final report, Suranaree University of Technology. 87 p. (in Thai).
Plaipetch, P. (2016). Nutritional Management for Culturing Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Science and Technology, Thammasart University (Rangsit campus), 24(1), 12 – 39. (in Thai).
Promya, J., & Saetun, K. (2005). Cultivation of Spirulina Alga for Health. Fisheries Technology, Department, Faculty of Agricultural Production, Maejo University, Thailand.
Promya, J., Thongmee, B., & Srinuansom, K. (2012). The effects of Spirulina platensis feeding on growth performance, gonadosomatic index and immunity stimulating capacity in fancy carps (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus). Journal of Fisheries Technology Research, 6 (1), 11 – 22. (in Thai).
Psenicka, M., Rodina, M., Flajshans, M., Kaspar, V., & Linhart, O. (2009). Structural abnormalities of common carp Cyprinus carpio spermatozoa. Fish Physiol Biochem, 35, 591 – 597.
Rahman, S.M., Majhi, S.K., Suzuki, T., Matsukawa, S., Strussmann, C.A., & Takai, R. (2008). Suitability of cryoprotectants and impregnation protocols for embryos of Japanese whiting Sillago japonica. Cryobiology, 57, 170 - 174.
Rana, J.K., & Mcandrew, B.J. (1987). The viability of cryopreserved tilapia spermatozoa. Aquaculture,
76, 335 – 345.
Rashid, I., Hossain, M.S., Salam, M.A., & Rafiquzzaman, S.M. (2019). Evaluation of seminal plasma composition and spermatozoa quality parameters of silver barb, Barbonymus gonionotus Bleeker, 1850. Fish Physiol Biochem, 45, 105–114.
Ruangsomboon, S., & Choochote, S. (2014). Chemical Composition and Growth Performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed Diets Supplemented with Green Alga, Cladophora glomerata. King Mongkut’s Agricultural Journal, 32 (2), 1 - 8. (in Thai).
Sermwattanakul, A., & Bamrungtham, B. (2000). Feed for Orimentral Fish. Institute for Research of Orimentral l Water Animals and Exhibition Places, Bangkok, Thailand pp: 16–19.
Shivaji, S., Jayaprakash, D., & Patil, S.B. (1998). Assessment of inbreeding depression in big cat: Testosterone levels and semen analysis. Current science, 75 (9), 923 – 930.
Verma, D.K., Routray, P., Dash, C., Dasgupta, S., & Jena, J.K. (2009). Physical and Biochemical Characteristics of Semen and Ultrastructure of Spermatozoa in Six Carp Species. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 9, 67-76.
Vuthiphandchai, V., Irawana, H., & Nimrat, S. (2010). The effect of extenders, cryoprotectants and cryopreservation methods on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) sperm. Animal Reproduction Science, 122, 236 – 243.
Wagner, E., Arndta, R., & Hilton, B. (2002). Physiological stress responses, egg survival and sperm motility for rainbow trout broodstock anesthetized with clove oil, tricaine methane sulfonate or carbon dioxide. Aquaculture, 211, 353-366.
Wankanapol, A. (2012). Evaluation of different cryopreservation agents used in the cryopreservation of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) embryo. Ph.D. Dissertation. Central Luzon State University. Philippines. 154 p.
Zohar, Y. (1996). New approaches for the manipulation of ovulation and spawning in farmed fish. Bull Natl Res Inst Aquac, 43 – 48.
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2020-05-01
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