Laboratory Study on Life History of Three Water Flea species (Cladocera : Moinidae) in Thailand
Abstract
Life histories of commercial water fleas, Moina macrocopa and Moina siamensis, and natural water flea Moina micrura were compared. Specimens were isolated, cultured separately in the laboratory and observed until the animals died. Life history parameters showed that all three species matured to adulthood within 2 days. M. micrura had the lowest number of broods and total number of offspring per female, significantly different from M. siamensis (P < 0.05) but not significantly different from M. macrocopa (P > 0.05). Number of offspring per brood was not significantly different (P > 0.05) between M. micrura at 10.9 ± 2.08, n = 10 and M. siamensis at 8.7 ± 2.45, n = 10, with greatest number of offspring per brood observed in M. macrocopa at 16.5 ± 4.45, n = 10 (P < 0.05). M. siamensis had a significantly longer lifespan (8.7 ± 1.70 days, n = 10) than M. micrura (5.4 ± 1.17 days, n = 10) and M. macrocopa (5.3 ± 1.16 days, n = 10) (P < 0.05). Largest body length was measured in M. macrocopa (500 - 1,500 µm) with the smallest specimen recorded in M. micrura (200 - 850 µm) (P < 0.05). M. macrocopa had higher specific growth rate than other species (P < 0.05). Results suggested that M. micrura, with smallest body length compared to the other two species, had similar characteristic traits to commercial water fleas as an appropriate feedstuff for new-born aquatic larvae. Keywords : life history, Moina micrura, Moina macrocopa, Moina siamensis, water fleaReferences
Adewumi, A.A. (2015). Growth performance and survival of Clarias gariepinus hatchlings fed different starter diets. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 5(3), 1 - 5.
Alam, M.J., Ang, K.J., & Cheah, S.H. (1993a). Use of Moina micrura (Kurz) as an Artemia substitute in the production of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) post-larvae. Aquaculture, 109(3), 337 - 349.
Alam, M.J., Ang, K.J., & Cheah, S.H. (1993b). Weaning of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) larvae from Artemia to Moina micrura (Kurz). Aquaculture, 112(2), 187 - 194.
Anano, J.A.P., & Eguia, M.R.R. (2016). Morphological development and survival of Philippine silver therapon larvae, Leiopotherapon plumbeus (Kner, 1864) reared under different feeding schemes.
In Proceedings of the DLSU Research Congress 2016. (pp. 1 - 7). Manila: De La Salle University.
Azuraidi, O.M., Yusoff, F.M., Shamsudin, M.N., Raha, R.A., Alekseev, V.R., & Matias-Peralta, H.M. (2013).
Effect of food density on male appearance and ephippia production in a tropical cladoceran, Moina micrura Kurz, 1874. Aquaculture, 412 - 413, 131 - 135.
Benider, A.,Tifnouti, A., & Pourriot, R. (2002). Growth of Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820) (Crustacea, Cladocera): influence of trophic conditions, population density and temperature. Hydrobiologia, 468, 1 - 11.
Chen, R., Xu, N., Zhao, F., Wu, Y., Huang, Y., & Yang, Z. (2015). Temperature-dependent effect of food size on the reproductive performances of the small-sized cladoceran Moina micrura. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 59, 297 - 301.
Dararat, W., Starkweather, P.L., & Sanoamuang, L. (2011). Life History of Three Fairy Shrimps (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) from Thailand. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 31(4), 623 - 629.
Das, S.K., Tiwari, V.K., Venkateshwarlu, G., Reddy, A.K., Parhi, J. Sharma, P., & Chettri, J.K. (2007). Growth, survival and fatty acid composition of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879) post larvae fed
HUFA-enriched Moina micrura. Aquaculture, 269(1), 464 - 475.
Department of Industry Promotion. (2008). Production of Fairy Shrimp for Aquaculture Industry. Bangkok: Advanced Research Group. (in Thai)
Descy, J.P., Darchambeau, F., & Schmid, M. (2012). Lake Kivu: Limnology and biogeochemistry of a tropical great lake. New York: Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg.
Dumont, H., & Negrea, S. (2002). Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers.
Elmoor–Loureiro, L.M.A., Santangelo, J.M., Lopes, P.M., & Bozelli, R.L. (2010). A new report of Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820) (Cladocera Anomopoda) in South America. Journal of Biology, 70(1), 225 - 266.
Gogoi, B., Safi, V., & Das, D.N. (2016). The Cladoceran as live feed in fish culture: A brief review. Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences, 4(3), 7 - 12.
Goulden, C.E. (1968). The systematics and evolution of the Moinidae. Transaction American Philosophical Society, 58, 1 - 101.
Hanazato, T., & Yasuno, M. (1985). Effect of temperature in the laboratory studies on the growth, egg development and first parturition of five species of Cladocera. Japanese Journal of Limnology, 46(3), 185 - 191.
He, Z.H., Qin, I.G., Wang, Y., Jiang, H., & Wen, Z. (2001). Biology of Moina mongolica (Moinidae, Cladocera)
and perspective as live food for marine fish larvae: A review. Hydrobiologia, 457, 25 - 37.
Jana, B.B., & Pal, G.P. (1985). Effects of inoculum density on growth, reproductive potential and population size
in Moina micrura (Kurz). Limnologica, 16, 315 - 324.
Kerdchuen, N., & Legendre, M. (1994). Larval rearing of an African catfish, Heterobranchus longifilis, (Teleostei, Clariidae): a comparison between natural and artificial diet. Aquatic Living Resources, 7, 247 - 253.
Kleiven, O.T., Larsson, P., & Hobæk, A. (1992). Sexual reproduction in Daphnia magna requires three stimuli. Oikos, 65, 197 - 206.
Lampert, W., & Trubetskova, I. (1996). Juvenile growth rate as a measure of fitness in Daphnia. Functional Ecology, 10, 631 - 635.
Liu, R. (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China Seas. Beijing: Science Press.
Martín, L., Arenal, A., Fajardo, J., Pimentel, E., Hidalgo, L., Pacheco, M., García, C., & and Santiesteban,
D. (2006). Complete and partial replacement of Artemia nauplii by Moina micrura during early
postlarval culture of white shrimp (Litopenaeus schmitti). Aquaculture Nutrition, 12, 89 - 96.
Martinez-Jeronimo, F., Rodriguez-Estrada, J., & Villasenor-Cordova, R. (2007). Effect of culture density and volume on Moina micrura (Kurz, 1874) reproduction, and sex ratio in the progeny. Hydrobiologia,
594, 69 - 73.
Nandini, S., & Sarma, S.S.S. (2000). Lifetable demography of four cladoceran species in relation to algal
food (Chlorella vulgaris) density. Hydrobiologia, 435, 117 - 126.
Okunsebor, S.A., & Ayuma, V. (2011). Growth, survival rate and condition factor of Heteroclarias hatchlings
fed cultured Moina micrura, shell free artemia and combination of both as starter feed. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 23, 3.
Paggi, J.C. (1997). Moina macrocopa (Straus 1820) Branquiopoda, Anomopoda in South America :
another case of species introduction. Crustaceana, 70(8), 886 - 893.
Pascual, J.A.F., Rizo, E.Z.C., Han, B., Dumont, H.J., & Papa, R.D.S. (2014). Taxonomy and distribution of
four Cladoceran families (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Moinidae, Bosminidae, Chydoridae and Sididae)
in Philippine inland waters. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 62, 771 - 794.
Petrusek, A. (2002). Moina (Crustacea: Anomopoda, Moinidae) in the Czech Republic: A review.
Acta Societas Zoologicae Bohemicae, 66, 213 - 220.
Petrusek, A., Cerny, M., & Audenaert, E. (2004). Large intercontinental differentiation of Moina micrura (Crustacea: Anomopoda): one less cosmopolitan cladoceran. Hydrobiologia, 526, 73 - 81.
Peykaran, M.N., Vahabzadeh, H., Seidgar, M., Hafezieh, M., & Pourali, H.R. (2014). Proximate composition
and fatty acids profiles of Artemia cysts, and nauplii from different geographical regions of Iran. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 13(3), 761 - 775.
Pietrzak, B., Dawidowicz, P., Predki, P., & Danko, M.J. (2015). How perceived predation risk shapes patterns of aging in water fleas. Experimental Gerontology, 69, 1 - 8.
Roff, D.A. (2001). Age and size at maturity. In C.W. Fox, D.A. Roff, & D.J. Fairbairn. (Eds.). Evolutionary Ecology. Concepts and Case Studies. (pp. 99 - 127). New York: Oxford University Press.
Rose, R.M., Warne, M.St.J., & Lim, R.P. (2000). Life history responses of the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia
to variation in food concentration. Hydrobiologia, 427, 59 - 64.
Rottmann, R.W., Graves, J.S., Watson, C., & Yanong, R.P.E. (2017). Culture techniques of Moina:
The ideal Daphnia for feeding freshwater fish fry. Florida: Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
Department, UF/IFAS Extension, University of Florida.
Saengphan, N., Suksomnit, A., & Chaloiesak, P. (2016). Modern water flea ephippia culture:
Culture for 4 water flea ephippia production. Pathum Thani: National Science and Technology Development Agency. (in Thai)
Saengphan, N., Teeramaethee, J., & Chaloiesak, P. (2013). Species diversity and biology of the
Cladocera in family Moinidae in Thailand. Bangkok: Office of the Vocational Education
Commission. (in Thai)
Saint-Jean, L., & Bonou, C.A. (1994). Growth, production and demography of Moina micrura in brackish
tropical fishponds (Layo, Ivory Coast). Hydrobiologia, 272, 125 - 146.
Sarma, S.S.S., Nandini, S., & Gulati, R.D. (2005). Life history strategies of cladocerans: comparisons of
tropical and temperate taxa. Hydrobiologia, 542, 315 - 333.
Shirota, A. (1970). Studies on the mouth size of fish larvae. Bulletin of Japanese Society for the Science
of Fish, 36, 353 - 368.
Sipauba-Tavares, L.H., & Bachion, M.A. (2002). Population growth and development of two species of
Cladocera, Moina micrura and Diaphanosoma birgei, in laboratory. Brazilian Journal of Biology,
62(4), 701 - 711.
Vanschoenwinkel, B., Seaman, M., & Brendonck, L. (2010). Hatching phenology, life history and egg
bank size of fairy shrimp Branchipodopsis spp. (Branchiopoda, Crustacea) in relation to the
ephemerality of their rock pool habitat. Aquatic Ecology, 44, 771 - 780.
Vignatti, A.M., Cabrera, G.C., & Echaniz, S.A. (2013). Distribution and biological aspects of the
introduced species Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820) (Crustacea, Cladocera) in the semi–arid
central region of Argentina. Biota Neotropica, 13(3), 86 - 92.
Wang, Y., Hu, M., Cao, L., Yang, Y., & Wang, W. (2008). Effects of daphnia (Moina micrura) plus chlorella (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) or microparticle diets on growth and survival of larval loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). Aquaculture International, 16(4), 361 - 368.
War, M., Altaff, K., & Haniffa, M.A. (2011). Growth and survival of larval snakehead Channa striatus
(Bloch, 1793) fed different live feed organisms. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences, 11, 523 - 528.
Alam, M.J., Ang, K.J., & Cheah, S.H. (1993a). Use of Moina micrura (Kurz) as an Artemia substitute in the production of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) post-larvae. Aquaculture, 109(3), 337 - 349.
Alam, M.J., Ang, K.J., & Cheah, S.H. (1993b). Weaning of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) larvae from Artemia to Moina micrura (Kurz). Aquaculture, 112(2), 187 - 194.
Anano, J.A.P., & Eguia, M.R.R. (2016). Morphological development and survival of Philippine silver therapon larvae, Leiopotherapon plumbeus (Kner, 1864) reared under different feeding schemes.
In Proceedings of the DLSU Research Congress 2016. (pp. 1 - 7). Manila: De La Salle University.
Azuraidi, O.M., Yusoff, F.M., Shamsudin, M.N., Raha, R.A., Alekseev, V.R., & Matias-Peralta, H.M. (2013).
Effect of food density on male appearance and ephippia production in a tropical cladoceran, Moina micrura Kurz, 1874. Aquaculture, 412 - 413, 131 - 135.
Benider, A.,Tifnouti, A., & Pourriot, R. (2002). Growth of Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820) (Crustacea, Cladocera): influence of trophic conditions, population density and temperature. Hydrobiologia, 468, 1 - 11.
Chen, R., Xu, N., Zhao, F., Wu, Y., Huang, Y., & Yang, Z. (2015). Temperature-dependent effect of food size on the reproductive performances of the small-sized cladoceran Moina micrura. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 59, 297 - 301.
Dararat, W., Starkweather, P.L., & Sanoamuang, L. (2011). Life History of Three Fairy Shrimps (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) from Thailand. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 31(4), 623 - 629.
Das, S.K., Tiwari, V.K., Venkateshwarlu, G., Reddy, A.K., Parhi, J. Sharma, P., & Chettri, J.K. (2007). Growth, survival and fatty acid composition of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879) post larvae fed
HUFA-enriched Moina micrura. Aquaculture, 269(1), 464 - 475.
Department of Industry Promotion. (2008). Production of Fairy Shrimp for Aquaculture Industry. Bangkok: Advanced Research Group. (in Thai)
Descy, J.P., Darchambeau, F., & Schmid, M. (2012). Lake Kivu: Limnology and biogeochemistry of a tropical great lake. New York: Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg.
Dumont, H., & Negrea, S. (2002). Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers.
Elmoor–Loureiro, L.M.A., Santangelo, J.M., Lopes, P.M., & Bozelli, R.L. (2010). A new report of Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820) (Cladocera Anomopoda) in South America. Journal of Biology, 70(1), 225 - 266.
Gogoi, B., Safi, V., & Das, D.N. (2016). The Cladoceran as live feed in fish culture: A brief review. Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences, 4(3), 7 - 12.
Goulden, C.E. (1968). The systematics and evolution of the Moinidae. Transaction American Philosophical Society, 58, 1 - 101.
Hanazato, T., & Yasuno, M. (1985). Effect of temperature in the laboratory studies on the growth, egg development and first parturition of five species of Cladocera. Japanese Journal of Limnology, 46(3), 185 - 191.
He, Z.H., Qin, I.G., Wang, Y., Jiang, H., & Wen, Z. (2001). Biology of Moina mongolica (Moinidae, Cladocera)
and perspective as live food for marine fish larvae: A review. Hydrobiologia, 457, 25 - 37.
Jana, B.B., & Pal, G.P. (1985). Effects of inoculum density on growth, reproductive potential and population size
in Moina micrura (Kurz). Limnologica, 16, 315 - 324.
Kerdchuen, N., & Legendre, M. (1994). Larval rearing of an African catfish, Heterobranchus longifilis, (Teleostei, Clariidae): a comparison between natural and artificial diet. Aquatic Living Resources, 7, 247 - 253.
Kleiven, O.T., Larsson, P., & Hobæk, A. (1992). Sexual reproduction in Daphnia magna requires three stimuli. Oikos, 65, 197 - 206.
Lampert, W., & Trubetskova, I. (1996). Juvenile growth rate as a measure of fitness in Daphnia. Functional Ecology, 10, 631 - 635.
Liu, R. (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China Seas. Beijing: Science Press.
Martín, L., Arenal, A., Fajardo, J., Pimentel, E., Hidalgo, L., Pacheco, M., García, C., & and Santiesteban,
D. (2006). Complete and partial replacement of Artemia nauplii by Moina micrura during early
postlarval culture of white shrimp (Litopenaeus schmitti). Aquaculture Nutrition, 12, 89 - 96.
Martinez-Jeronimo, F., Rodriguez-Estrada, J., & Villasenor-Cordova, R. (2007). Effect of culture density and volume on Moina micrura (Kurz, 1874) reproduction, and sex ratio in the progeny. Hydrobiologia,
594, 69 - 73.
Nandini, S., & Sarma, S.S.S. (2000). Lifetable demography of four cladoceran species in relation to algal
food (Chlorella vulgaris) density. Hydrobiologia, 435, 117 - 126.
Okunsebor, S.A., & Ayuma, V. (2011). Growth, survival rate and condition factor of Heteroclarias hatchlings
fed cultured Moina micrura, shell free artemia and combination of both as starter feed. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 23, 3.
Paggi, J.C. (1997). Moina macrocopa (Straus 1820) Branquiopoda, Anomopoda in South America :
another case of species introduction. Crustaceana, 70(8), 886 - 893.
Pascual, J.A.F., Rizo, E.Z.C., Han, B., Dumont, H.J., & Papa, R.D.S. (2014). Taxonomy and distribution of
four Cladoceran families (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Moinidae, Bosminidae, Chydoridae and Sididae)
in Philippine inland waters. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 62, 771 - 794.
Petrusek, A. (2002). Moina (Crustacea: Anomopoda, Moinidae) in the Czech Republic: A review.
Acta Societas Zoologicae Bohemicae, 66, 213 - 220.
Petrusek, A., Cerny, M., & Audenaert, E. (2004). Large intercontinental differentiation of Moina micrura (Crustacea: Anomopoda): one less cosmopolitan cladoceran. Hydrobiologia, 526, 73 - 81.
Peykaran, M.N., Vahabzadeh, H., Seidgar, M., Hafezieh, M., & Pourali, H.R. (2014). Proximate composition
and fatty acids profiles of Artemia cysts, and nauplii from different geographical regions of Iran. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 13(3), 761 - 775.
Pietrzak, B., Dawidowicz, P., Predki, P., & Danko, M.J. (2015). How perceived predation risk shapes patterns of aging in water fleas. Experimental Gerontology, 69, 1 - 8.
Roff, D.A. (2001). Age and size at maturity. In C.W. Fox, D.A. Roff, & D.J. Fairbairn. (Eds.). Evolutionary Ecology. Concepts and Case Studies. (pp. 99 - 127). New York: Oxford University Press.
Rose, R.M., Warne, M.St.J., & Lim, R.P. (2000). Life history responses of the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia
to variation in food concentration. Hydrobiologia, 427, 59 - 64.
Rottmann, R.W., Graves, J.S., Watson, C., & Yanong, R.P.E. (2017). Culture techniques of Moina:
The ideal Daphnia for feeding freshwater fish fry. Florida: Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
Department, UF/IFAS Extension, University of Florida.
Saengphan, N., Suksomnit, A., & Chaloiesak, P. (2016). Modern water flea ephippia culture:
Culture for 4 water flea ephippia production. Pathum Thani: National Science and Technology Development Agency. (in Thai)
Saengphan, N., Teeramaethee, J., & Chaloiesak, P. (2013). Species diversity and biology of the
Cladocera in family Moinidae in Thailand. Bangkok: Office of the Vocational Education
Commission. (in Thai)
Saint-Jean, L., & Bonou, C.A. (1994). Growth, production and demography of Moina micrura in brackish
tropical fishponds (Layo, Ivory Coast). Hydrobiologia, 272, 125 - 146.
Sarma, S.S.S., Nandini, S., & Gulati, R.D. (2005). Life history strategies of cladocerans: comparisons of
tropical and temperate taxa. Hydrobiologia, 542, 315 - 333.
Shirota, A. (1970). Studies on the mouth size of fish larvae. Bulletin of Japanese Society for the Science
of Fish, 36, 353 - 368.
Sipauba-Tavares, L.H., & Bachion, M.A. (2002). Population growth and development of two species of
Cladocera, Moina micrura and Diaphanosoma birgei, in laboratory. Brazilian Journal of Biology,
62(4), 701 - 711.
Vanschoenwinkel, B., Seaman, M., & Brendonck, L. (2010). Hatching phenology, life history and egg
bank size of fairy shrimp Branchipodopsis spp. (Branchiopoda, Crustacea) in relation to the
ephemerality of their rock pool habitat. Aquatic Ecology, 44, 771 - 780.
Vignatti, A.M., Cabrera, G.C., & Echaniz, S.A. (2013). Distribution and biological aspects of the
introduced species Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820) (Crustacea, Cladocera) in the semi–arid
central region of Argentina. Biota Neotropica, 13(3), 86 - 92.
Wang, Y., Hu, M., Cao, L., Yang, Y., & Wang, W. (2008). Effects of daphnia (Moina micrura) plus chlorella (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) or microparticle diets on growth and survival of larval loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). Aquaculture International, 16(4), 361 - 368.
War, M., Altaff, K., & Haniffa, M.A. (2011). Growth and survival of larval snakehead Channa striatus
(Bloch, 1793) fed different live feed organisms. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences, 11, 523 - 528.
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2020-01-08
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