Optimization of Torrefaction of Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Using Response Surface Methodology
Abstract
Palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) is waste material from palm oil processing. It has potential as a renewable energy resource. However, direct processing is undesirable due to poor properties of the fuel obtained. Therefore, this research aims to improve the properties of fuel produced from PEFB by using a torrefaction process. Central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied to optimize the process. The interactions of the independent parameters including temperature (200 - 320๐C) and time (5 – 50 min) with the dependent parameters consisting of mass yield (%MY), moisture content (%MC), volatile organic content (%VC), ash content (%AC), fixed carbon content (%FC) and heating value (HV) were determined. The experimental results were fitted to a quadratic equation which was also validated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the influence of individual parameters. The high R2 values of the results indicated the good agreement of the generated model with the predicted and actual responses. The optimal values of temperature and time for torrefaction of PEFB were found to be 278๐C and 23 min, respectively. Under this condition, the %MY of torrefied product was 36.7%. It was found that %MC and %VC decreased 92.0% and 31.6% while %FC and HV increased 1,367.5% and 26.7%, respectively. The model accuracy was verified through triplicate experiments that produced small discrepancies between predicted and actual values. In conclusion, these studies revealed that torrefaction has the potential to improve the quality of fuel produced from PEFB. Keywords : torrefaction process ; palm empty fruit bunch ; fuel property response ; surface methodologyReferences
Buratti, C., Barbanera, M., Lascaro, E., & Cotana, F. (2018). Optimization of torrefaction conditions of coffee industry residues using desirability function approach. Waste Management, 73, 523-534.
Chanpirak, A., Dumnin, P., & Hongpuay, A. (2018). Optimization of Oil Extraction from Spent Coffee Grounds (Coffa canephora var. robusta/Coffea arabica) by Hexane Using Response Surface Methodology. The Journal of KMUTNB, 28(4), 799-811.
Chen, W-. H., Peng, J., & Bi, X. T. (2015). A state-of-the-art review of biomass torrefaction, densification and applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 44, 847-866.
Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Ministry of Energy. (2018a). Proportion using of renewable energy. Retrieved April 10, 2019, from http://www.dede.go.th/download/stat62 /1_Energy_Consumption_2561.pdf (in Thai)
Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Ministry of Energy. (2018b). Biomass energy potential from oil palm: Empty Fruit Bunch. Retrieved April 22, 2019, from http://webkc.dede.go.th /test max/node/2529 (in Thai)
Indum, P., Mueanmas, C., & Rattanawilai, S. (2019). Screening the Factors Affecting Torrefaction of Palm Empty Fruit Bunches by Using Plackett-Burman Design. KKU Research Journal (Graduate Studies). 19(4). 86-99. (in Thai)
Jambo, S. A., Abdulla, R., Marbawi, H., & Gansau, J. A. (2019). Response surface optimization of bioethanol production from third generation feedstock – Eucheuma cottonii. Renewable energy, 132, 1-10.
Lee, J-. W., Kim, Y-. H., Lee, S-. M., & Lee, H-. W. (2012). Optimizing the torrefaction of mixed softwood by response surface methodology for biomass upgrading to high energy density. Bioresource Technology, 116, 471-476.
Looi, Y. F., Ong, S. P., Julkifle, A., & Alias, M. S. (2019). Effects of pretreatment and spray drying on the physiochemical properties and probiotics viability of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) leaf juice powder. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 1-15.
Mueanmas, C., Indum, P., & Nikhom, R. (2020). A study of factors affecting to torrefaction process of palm bunch using response surface methodology. Engineering Journal Chiang Mai University. 27(1). Article in press. (in Thai)
Nam, H., & Capareda, S. (2015). Experimental investigation of torrefaction of two agricultural wastes of different composition using RSM (response surface methodology). Energy, 91, 507-516.
Oh, K. C., Park, S. Y., Kim, S. J., Choi, Y. S., Lee, C. G., Cho, L. H., & Kim, D. H. (2019). Development and validation of mass reduction model to optimize torrefaction for agricultural byproduct biomass. Renewable Energy, 139, 988-999.
Pakalapati, H., Arumugasamy, S. K., & Khalid, M. (2019). Comparison of response surface methodology and feedforward neural network modeling for polycaprolactone synthesis using enzymatic polymerization. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 1 – 11.
Proskurina, S., Heinimo, J., Schipfer, F., & Vakkilainen, E. (2017). Biomass for industrial applications: The role of torrefaction. Renewable Energy, 111, 265-274.
Sakthivel, R., Ramesh, K., Marshal, S. J. J., & Sadasivuni, K. K. (2019). Prediction of performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with waste biomass pyrolysis oil using response surface methodology. Renewable energy, 136, 91 – 103.
Shahzad, A., Iqtedar, M., Saeed, H., Hussain, S. Z., Chaudhary, A., Abdullah, R., & Kaleem, A. (2019). Mycosynthesis of size-controlled silver nanoparticles through optimization of process variables by response surface methodology. Polish Journal of Microbiology, 1-8.
Singh, S., Chakraborty, J. P., & Mondal, M. K. (2019). Optimization of process parameters for torrefaction of Acacia nilotica using response surface methodology and characteristics of torrefied biomass as upgraded fuel. Energy, 186, Article 115865.
Thai industrial standard institute. (2004a). Community product standard: charcoal briquetted. Retrieved Apr, 24, 2019, from http://tcps.tisi.go.th/pub/tcps238_47.pdf (in Thai)
Thai industrial standard institute. (2004b). Community product standard: charcoal cooking. Retrieved April 24, 2019, from https://www.charcoal.snmcenter.com/charcoalthai/standard2.php (in Thai)
Tong, S., Xiao, L., Li, X., Zhu, X., Liu, H., Luo, G., Worasuwannarak, N., Kerdsuwan, S., Fungtammasan, B., & Yao, H. (2018). A gas-pressurized torrefaction method for biomass wastes. Energy Conversion and Management, 173, 29-36.
Unique Mining Services Public Company Limited. (2003). Product or service characteristics. Retrieved April 24, 2019, from http://capital.sec.or.th/webapp/corp_fin/datafile/56/20040825T06.DOC (in Thai)
van der Stelt, M. J. C., Gerhauser, H., Kiel, J. H. A., & Ptasinski, K. J. (2011). Biomass upgrading by torrefaction for the production of biofuels: A review. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 3748-3762.
Zhang, C., Ho, S-. H., Chen, W-. H., Xie, Y., Liu, Z., & Chang, J-. S. (2018). Torrefaction performance and energy usage of biomass wastes and their correlations with torrefaction severity index. Applied Energy, 220, 598-604.
Chanpirak, A., Dumnin, P., & Hongpuay, A. (2018). Optimization of Oil Extraction from Spent Coffee Grounds (Coffa canephora var. robusta/Coffea arabica) by Hexane Using Response Surface Methodology. The Journal of KMUTNB, 28(4), 799-811.
Chen, W-. H., Peng, J., & Bi, X. T. (2015). A state-of-the-art review of biomass torrefaction, densification and applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 44, 847-866.
Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Ministry of Energy. (2018a). Proportion using of renewable energy. Retrieved April 10, 2019, from http://www.dede.go.th/download/stat62 /1_Energy_Consumption_2561.pdf (in Thai)
Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Ministry of Energy. (2018b). Biomass energy potential from oil palm: Empty Fruit Bunch. Retrieved April 22, 2019, from http://webkc.dede.go.th /test max/node/2529 (in Thai)
Indum, P., Mueanmas, C., & Rattanawilai, S. (2019). Screening the Factors Affecting Torrefaction of Palm Empty Fruit Bunches by Using Plackett-Burman Design. KKU Research Journal (Graduate Studies). 19(4). 86-99. (in Thai)
Jambo, S. A., Abdulla, R., Marbawi, H., & Gansau, J. A. (2019). Response surface optimization of bioethanol production from third generation feedstock – Eucheuma cottonii. Renewable energy, 132, 1-10.
Lee, J-. W., Kim, Y-. H., Lee, S-. M., & Lee, H-. W. (2012). Optimizing the torrefaction of mixed softwood by response surface methodology for biomass upgrading to high energy density. Bioresource Technology, 116, 471-476.
Looi, Y. F., Ong, S. P., Julkifle, A., & Alias, M. S. (2019). Effects of pretreatment and spray drying on the physiochemical properties and probiotics viability of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) leaf juice powder. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 1-15.
Mueanmas, C., Indum, P., & Nikhom, R. (2020). A study of factors affecting to torrefaction process of palm bunch using response surface methodology. Engineering Journal Chiang Mai University. 27(1). Article in press. (in Thai)
Nam, H., & Capareda, S. (2015). Experimental investigation of torrefaction of two agricultural wastes of different composition using RSM (response surface methodology). Energy, 91, 507-516.
Oh, K. C., Park, S. Y., Kim, S. J., Choi, Y. S., Lee, C. G., Cho, L. H., & Kim, D. H. (2019). Development and validation of mass reduction model to optimize torrefaction for agricultural byproduct biomass. Renewable Energy, 139, 988-999.
Pakalapati, H., Arumugasamy, S. K., & Khalid, M. (2019). Comparison of response surface methodology and feedforward neural network modeling for polycaprolactone synthesis using enzymatic polymerization. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 1 – 11.
Proskurina, S., Heinimo, J., Schipfer, F., & Vakkilainen, E. (2017). Biomass for industrial applications: The role of torrefaction. Renewable Energy, 111, 265-274.
Sakthivel, R., Ramesh, K., Marshal, S. J. J., & Sadasivuni, K. K. (2019). Prediction of performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with waste biomass pyrolysis oil using response surface methodology. Renewable energy, 136, 91 – 103.
Shahzad, A., Iqtedar, M., Saeed, H., Hussain, S. Z., Chaudhary, A., Abdullah, R., & Kaleem, A. (2019). Mycosynthesis of size-controlled silver nanoparticles through optimization of process variables by response surface methodology. Polish Journal of Microbiology, 1-8.
Singh, S., Chakraborty, J. P., & Mondal, M. K. (2019). Optimization of process parameters for torrefaction of Acacia nilotica using response surface methodology and characteristics of torrefied biomass as upgraded fuel. Energy, 186, Article 115865.
Thai industrial standard institute. (2004a). Community product standard: charcoal briquetted. Retrieved Apr, 24, 2019, from http://tcps.tisi.go.th/pub/tcps238_47.pdf (in Thai)
Thai industrial standard institute. (2004b). Community product standard: charcoal cooking. Retrieved April 24, 2019, from https://www.charcoal.snmcenter.com/charcoalthai/standard2.php (in Thai)
Tong, S., Xiao, L., Li, X., Zhu, X., Liu, H., Luo, G., Worasuwannarak, N., Kerdsuwan, S., Fungtammasan, B., & Yao, H. (2018). A gas-pressurized torrefaction method for biomass wastes. Energy Conversion and Management, 173, 29-36.
Unique Mining Services Public Company Limited. (2003). Product or service characteristics. Retrieved April 24, 2019, from http://capital.sec.or.th/webapp/corp_fin/datafile/56/20040825T06.DOC (in Thai)
van der Stelt, M. J. C., Gerhauser, H., Kiel, J. H. A., & Ptasinski, K. J. (2011). Biomass upgrading by torrefaction for the production of biofuels: A review. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 3748-3762.
Zhang, C., Ho, S-. H., Chen, W-. H., Xie, Y., Liu, Z., & Chang, J-. S. (2018). Torrefaction performance and energy usage of biomass wastes and their correlations with torrefaction severity index. Applied Energy, 220, 598-604.
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Published
2020-09-01
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