Grain-Size Distribution of Surface Sediment in the Inner Gulf of Thailand
Abstract
Grain size distribution of surface sediment in the inner Gulf of Thailand was studied with the hypothesis that the grain size distribution would vary with the amount of river discharge in the inner bay, seasons and oceanographic conditions. Field excursion during June 2017, October 2017 and April 2018 had yielded 12, 13 and 20 bottom sediment samples respectively. The samples were later analyzed using sieving and pipette methods. The results showed that the sediment grain size in the inner bay varied with seasons from silty sand to silty clay. The suspended fine-grain sediment was carried out to the bay by the river discharge during rainy season or resuspended from the sea bottom or the inner coast. Sand sediment was found at the mouth of the inner gulf with the sources coming from the ancient coast or deposition from the ancient rivers. D50 of surface sediments varied from clay to very fine sand while arithmetic mean () varied from mud to coarse sand. Sediment sorting was poor. Analysis of variances significantly () indicated that sediment grain size differed from fine grain in the inner bay to sand at the mouth of the inner Gulf and the sediment grain size in the inner bay differed from season to season. Keywords : surface sediment, inner Gulf of ThailandReferences
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Shepard, F.P., Emery, K.O., & Gould, H.R. (1949). Distribution of sediments on East Asiatic continental shelf. Univ. Southern Calif. Allan Hancock Found. Occasional paper 9.
Shepard, F. p. (1954). Nomenclature based on sand-silt-clay ratios. Journal Sedimentary Petrology, 24, 151-158.
Shi, X., Liu, S., Fang, X., Qiao, S., Khokiattiwong, S., & Kornkanitnan, N. (2015). Distribution of Clay Minerals in Surface Sediments of the Western Gulf of Thailand: Sources and Transport Patterns. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 105(2015), 390-398.
Switzer, A.D. (2013). Measuring and Analyzing Particle Size in a Geomorphic Context. Treatise on
Geomorphology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Blott, S.J., & Pye, K. (2001). GRADISTAT: a Grain Size Distribution and Statistics Package for the Analysis of Unconsolidated Sediments. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 26, 1237-1248.
Briggs, D. (1977). Sources and method of geography: sediment. Butterworth, London.
Buakaew, S. (2007). Contamination of Mercury in Surface Sediment in the Gulf of Thailand. Master Thesis. Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University. (in Thai)
Buranapratheprat, A. (2008). Circulation in the Upper Gulf of Thailand: a Review. Burapha Science Journal, 13(1), 75-83. (in Thai)
Buranapratheprat, A., Niemann, K. O., Yanagi, T., Matsumura, S., & Sojisuporn, P. (2009). Circulation in the Upper Gulf of Thailand Investigated Using a Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Model. Burapha Science Journal, 14(1), 99-113. (in Thai)
Chaiongkarn, P., & Sojisuporn, P. (2012). Characteristics of Seasonal Wind and Wind-driven Current in the Gulf of Thailand. Bulletin of Earth Sciences of Thailand, 5(1), 58-67.
Department of Mineral Resources. (2012). Physical Geology of Sea Bottom of the Upper Gulf of Thailand. Technical report no. 9/2555. Marine Geology Section, Geological Technology Division. (in Thai)
Dharmvanij, S. (1996). Sediment Grain-size Analysis. Chemical oceanography Manual. Marine Science Department, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University. (in Thai)
Dyer, K.R. (1986). Coastal and Estuarine Sediment Dynamics. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
Emery, K.O., & Niino, H. (1963). Sediments of the Gulf of ThaiSland. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 74, 541-554.
Hydrographic Department, the Royal Thai Navy. (1995). Report on analysis of oceanographic data of central Gulf of Thailand, 1982-1993. Oceanographic Division, Hydrographic Department, the Royal Thak Navy. March 1995. (in Thai)
Hu, L., Shi, X., Bai, Y., Fang, Y., Chen, Y., Qiao, S., Liu, S., Yang, G., Kornkanitnan, N., & Khokiattiwong, S. (2016). Distribution, input pathway and mass inventory of black carbon in sediments of the Gulf of Thailand, SE Asia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 170, 10-19.
Jarupongsakul, T., Sojisuporn, P., Paphawasit, N., Siriboon, S., Subboonrueng, H. Worapunya-anant, S., Boonyopas, A., Thana, B., Auypornprasert, W., Piumsomboon, A., Siwayabhram, I., Ekwat-panit, C., & Wechakul, W. (2009). Integration Study to Tackle Coastal Erosion Problem: a Pilot Structural Design at Ban Khun Samut Chin, Lam Phapa subdistrict, Pra Samut Chedi District. A final report presented to Thailand Research Fund. (in Thai)
Jintasaeranee, P., & Buranapratheprat, A. (2017). Seasonal Variations of Sediment Grain Sizes at Bangsean Beach in 2014. Burapha Science Journal, 22(2), 135-144. (in Thai)
Kamaruzzaman, B.Y., Shazili, N.A.M., & Mohd Lokman, H. (2002). Particle Size Distribution in the Bottom Sediments of the Kemaman River Estuarine System, Terengganu, Malaysia. Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 25(2), 149-155.
Neelasri, C. (1981). The mean flow in the upper part of the Gulf of Thailand during a transition period of the monsoon. Proceeding of the second seminar on the water quality and the quality of living resources in Thai waters, 26-28 May 1981. (in Thai)
Ocean Drilling Program & Texas A&M University. (2003). Drilling Gas Hydrates on Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia Continental Margin, Volume 204 initial reports. Retrieved March 14, 2019, from http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/204_IR/chap_02/c2_f3.htm#1001151
Ott, L., (1984). An Introduction to Statistical Methods and Data Analysis. PWS Publishers, U.S.A.
Pitty, A.F. (1971). Introduction to geomorphology. Methuen, London.
Poppe, L.J., Eliason, A.H., Fredericks, J.J., Rendigs, R.R., Blackwood, D. and Polloni, C.F. (2000). Chapter 1: Grain-size Analysis of Marine Sediments: Methodology and Data Processing. In: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file report. Retrieved March 14, 2019, from https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-358/text/chapter1.htm
Prime Minister’s Office. Inner Gulf of Thailand. Retrieved May 25, 2019, from http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2502/A/091/1.PDF (in Thai)
Prime Minister’s Office. Demacration of the Provincial Boundary in the Inner Gulf of Thailand. Retrieved May 25, 2019, from http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2502/A/092/430.PDF (in Thai)
Purnawan, S., Setiawan, I., & Muchlisin, Z. A. (2015). Sediment Grain-size Distribution in the Lake Laut Tawar, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation International Journal of the Bioflux Society, 8(3), 404-410.
Shepard, F.P., Emery, K.O., & Gould, H.R. (1949). Distribution of sediments on East Asiatic continental shelf. Univ. Southern Calif. Allan Hancock Found. Occasional paper 9.
Shepard, F. p. (1954). Nomenclature based on sand-silt-clay ratios. Journal Sedimentary Petrology, 24, 151-158.
Shi, X., Liu, S., Fang, X., Qiao, S., Khokiattiwong, S., & Kornkanitnan, N. (2015). Distribution of Clay Minerals in Surface Sediments of the Western Gulf of Thailand: Sources and Transport Patterns. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 105(2015), 390-398.
Switzer, A.D. (2013). Measuring and Analyzing Particle Size in a Geomorphic Context. Treatise on
Geomorphology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
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2019-09-17
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