Biological Water Treatment in Recirculating Aquaculture System by Using Caulerpa lentillifera J Agardh
Abstract
Biological water treatment using Caulerpa lentillifera was investigated in a Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) with 4 culture densities (0, 2, 4 and 6 g/L/system). Each RAS unit consisted of a fish tank stocked with 12 Amphiprion clarkii and a purification basin contained seaweed. Each RAS unit was filled with 30 L of seawater at 32 ppt, running at a circulation rate of 800 L/hr, and the seaweed culture was lighted at 13,094.4±5,805.9 Lux for 12 hr/day. The control without seaweed was not lit. The experiment ran for 49 days and the following parameters were recorded: (1) C. lentillifera specific growth rate (SGR), (2) A. clarkii SGR, food conversion ratio (FCR) and survival rate, and (3) water quality of each RAS unit. Results indicated that seaweed SGR at 2 g/L was significantly greater than those of others densities. Seaweed SGR for all treatments decreased after 35 days. Fishes reared in RAS units with seaweed resulted lower FCR and higher survival rate than those without seaweed. The fish SGR among RAS treatments were insignificantly different. Water qualities in all seaweed treatments during lighted periods including DO, pH and alkalinity were higher while CO2 (aq) was lower than those without seaweed. However, during dark period DO of the former treatments were lower while CO2 (aq) were higher than those of the latter treatments. The concentrations of N-compounds in water with seaweed treatments were lower than those without seaweed. The treatment with 2 g/L seaweed showed highest N-compounds reduction rate. The concentrations of soluble phosphate were insignificantly different among all treatments and control. Keywords : Caulerpa lentillifera, biological water treatment, recirculating aquaculture system, Amphiprion clarkiiReferences
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Chen, X., Sun, Y., Liu, H., Liu, S., Qin, Y. & Li, P. (2019). Advances in cultivation, wastewater treatment application, bioactive components of Caulerpa lentillifera and their biotechnological application. Peer Journal 2019(7:e6118) Retrieved June 23, 2019, from http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6118
Chivasa, S., Ndimba B. K., Simon, W.J., Lindsey, K., & Slabas, A.R. (2005). Extracellular ATP functions as an endogenous external metabolite regulating plant cell viability. The Plant Cell, 2005(17), 3019-3034.
Clarke, George L. (1967). Elements of Ecology. Harvard University and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.
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Dumay, O., Pergent, G., Pergent-Martini, C., & Amade, P. (2002). Variation in Caulerpenyne contents in Caulerpa taxifolia and Caulerpa racemosa. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2002(28), 343-352.
Fivelstad, S., Haavik, H., Lovik, G., & Olsen, A.b. (1998). Sublethal effects and safe levels of carbon dioxide in seawater for Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.): ion regulation and growth. Aquaculture, 1998(160), 305-316.
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Kakhai, N., Kunawongdet, P. & Siriwong S. (2008). Effect of salinities and culturing periods on Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Nees growth and nutrient decreasing rate in reared water. Technical Paper No. 67/2008. Coastal Fisheries Research and Development Bureau. Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. (in Thai)
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Li, Z., Wang, B., Zhang, Q., Qu, Y., Xu, H. & Li, G. (2012). Preparation and antioxidant property of extract and semipurified fractions of Caulerpa racemosa. J Appl Phycol, 2012(24), 1527-1536.
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Minh, N. P., Nhi, T. T. Y., Tuyen, L.K., Phi, T. H., Khoa, D. T. & Quoc, T. (2019). Technical Factors Affecting Seagrape (Caulerpa lentillifera) Production by Cultivation and Its Stability by Post-Harvest Treatment. Journal of Phamaceutical Sciences and research, 2019(11(3)), 783-786.
Mooney-McAuley, K.M., Edwards, M. D., Champenois J. & Gorman, E. (2016). Best Practice Guidelines for Seaweed Cultivation and Analysis, Public Output report of the EnAlgae project, Swansea, June 2016.
Moran, D., & Stottrup, J.G. (2011). The effect of carbon dioxide on growth of juvenile Atlantic cod Gaudus morhua L. Aquatic Toxicology, 2011(102), 24-30.
Munlun, S. (2017). The Development of Playor (White fish Sausage) Product with Green Caviars. Dusit Thani College. (in Thai)
Nursidi, Ali, S. A., Anshary, H. & Tahya, A. M. (2017). Environmental parameters and specific growth of Kappaphycus alvarezii in Saugi Island, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux, 2017(10), 698-702.
Pariyawathee, S. (2003). Use of Sea Grape (Caulerpa lentillifera J. Agardh) for Treating the Effluent from Intensive Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) Culture. Master Thesis ISBN 974-9670-04-3. Walailak University. (in Thai)
Perryman, S. E., Lapong, I., Mustafa A., Sabang, R., & Rimmer, M. A. (2017). Potential of metal contamination to affect the food safety of seaweed (Caulerpa spp.) cultured in coastal ponds in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Aquaculture Reports, 2017(5), 27-33.
Pugdeepun, N. (2001). Growth and Nutritive Values of Sea Grape, Caulerpa lentillifera J. Agardh. Master Thesis ISBN 974-461-357-2. Kasetsart University. (in Thai)
Reque d’Orbcastel, E., Person-Le-Ruyet, J., Le Bayon, N., Blancheton, J.P. (2009). Comparative growth and welfare in rainbow trout reared in re-circulating and flow through rearing systems. Aquacultural Engineering, 2009(40), 79-86.
Sharma, B.R. & Rhyu, D. Y. (2014). Anti-diabetic effects of Caulerpa lentillifera: stimulation of insulin secretion in pancreatic B-cells and enhancement of glucose uptake in adipocytes. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2014(4(47)), 575-580.
Strickland, J.D. & Parsons, T.R. (1972). A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis. Fish. Res. B. of C. Bull. 167 (Second edition). Ottawa.
Sudtongkong, C. (2008). Culture Seaweeds (Caulerpa racemosa var corynephora) for Commercial Purpose in Trang Province. Research report. Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya Trang Campus.
(in Thai)
Tait, R.V. (1981). Elements of Marine Ecology: An Introductory Course. (3rd Edition). Butterworths, London.
Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L., & Stensel, H. D. (2003). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. McGraw-Hill Education. Singapore.
Zhang, S. Y., Li, G., Wu, H. B., Liu, X. G., Yao, Y. H., Tao, L., & Liu, H. (2011). An integrated recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for land-based fish farming: The effects on water quality and fish production. Aquacultural Engineering, 2011(45), 93-102.
Ben-Asher, R., Seginer, I., Mozes, N., Nir, O., & Lahav, O. (2013). Effects of sub-lethal CO2(aq) concentrations on the performance of intensively reared gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) in brackish water: Flow-through experiments and full-scale RAS results. Aquacultural Engineering, 2013(56), 18-25.
Bergman, J. (2018). ATP: The perfect energy currency for the cell. Retrieved January 29, 2018, from http://www.trueorigin.org/atp.php
Budsaba, K. (2010). Statistical Analysis of Experiments with SPSS: A Comprehensive Analysis with Real Life Applications. (Second printed). ISBN 978-974-466-477-8. Pathum Thani: Thammasat University Rangsit Campus. (in Thai)
Chen, X., Sun, Y., Liu, H., Liu, S., Qin, Y. & Li, P. (2019). Advances in cultivation, wastewater treatment application, bioactive components of Caulerpa lentillifera and their biotechnological application. Peer Journal 2019(7:e6118) Retrieved June 23, 2019, from http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6118
Chivasa, S., Ndimba B. K., Simon, W.J., Lindsey, K., & Slabas, A.R. (2005). Extracellular ATP functions as an endogenous external metabolite regulating plant cell viability. The Plant Cell, 2005(17), 3019-3034.
Clarke, George L. (1967). Elements of Ecology. Harvard University and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.
Coastal Fisheries Research and Development Bureau. (2018). Coastal water qualities standard. Retrieved January 22, 2018, from http://www.coastalaqua.com/oldweb/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=153&Itemid=2
Colt, J. (2012). Dissloved Gas Concentration in Water. (Second Edition). Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, USA. ELSEVIER.
Dumay, O., Pergent, G., Pergent-Martini, C., & Amade, P. (2002). Variation in Caulerpenyne contents in Caulerpa taxifolia and Caulerpa racemosa. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2002(28), 343-352.
Fivelstad, S., Haavik, H., Lovik, G., & Olsen, A.b. (1998). Sublethal effects and safe levels of carbon dioxide in seawater for Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.): ion regulation and growth. Aquaculture, 1998(160), 305-316.
Fivelstad, S. (2013). Long-term carbon dioxide experiments with salmonids. Aquacultural Engineering, 2013(53), 40-48.
Harrison, P. J. & Hurd, C. L. (2001). Nutrient physiology of seaweeds: Application of concepts to aquaculture. Cah. Biol. Mar. 2001(42), 71-82.
Kakhai, N., Kunawongdet, P. & Siriwong S. (2008). Effect of salinities and culturing periods on Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Nees growth and nutrient decreasing rate in reared water. Technical Paper No. 67/2008. Coastal Fisheries Research and Development Bureau. Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. (in Thai)
Karthick, P., Sankar, R. S., Kaviarasan, T. & Mohanraju, R. (2012). Ecological implications of trace metals in seaweeds: Bio-indication potential for metal contamination in Wandoor, South Andaman Island. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 2012(38), 227-231.
Khan Academy. (2018). Ecology. Retrieved June 23, 2019, from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology-2018/ap-ecology
Kunawongdet, P., Kakhai, N. & Noiraksar, T. (2009). Effect of salinity on reproductive cell germination of Gut Weed (Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus, 1753). Technical Paper No. 10/2009. Coastal Fisheries Research and Development Bureau. Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. (in Thai)
Lalli, Carol M. & Parsons, T. R. (1997). Biological Oceanography an Introduction. Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Lewmanomont, K. (1978). Eatable of Thai Seaweed. KKU Science Journal, 1978(12), 119-129. (in Thai)
Li, Z., Wang, B., Zhang, Q., Qu, Y., Xu, H. & Li, G. (2012). Preparation and antioxidant property of extract and semipurified fractions of Caulerpa racemosa. J Appl Phycol, 2012(24), 1527-1536.
Lind, O.T. (1974). Handbook of Common Methods in Limnology. The C.V. Mosby com. Saint Louis.
Liu, X., Bogaert, K., Engelen, A.H., Leliaert, F., Roleda, M.Y. & De Clerck, O. (2017). Seaweed reproductive bilogy: environmental and genetic controls. Botanica Marina, 2017(60(2)), 89-108.
Lobban, C. S., P. J. Harrison and M. J. Duncan. (1985). The Physiological Ecology of Seaweeds. Cambridge University Press, London.
Mamat, P. (2004). Utilization of marine macroalgae in treatment of wastewater in aquaculture system. Master thesis ISBN 974-383-543-1. Burapha University. (in Thai)
Minh, N. P., Nhi, T. T. Y., Tuyen, L.K., Phi, T. H., Khoa, D. T. & Quoc, T. (2019). Technical Factors Affecting Seagrape (Caulerpa lentillifera) Production by Cultivation and Its Stability by Post-Harvest Treatment. Journal of Phamaceutical Sciences and research, 2019(11(3)), 783-786.
Mooney-McAuley, K.M., Edwards, M. D., Champenois J. & Gorman, E. (2016). Best Practice Guidelines for Seaweed Cultivation and Analysis, Public Output report of the EnAlgae project, Swansea, June 2016.
Moran, D., & Stottrup, J.G. (2011). The effect of carbon dioxide on growth of juvenile Atlantic cod Gaudus morhua L. Aquatic Toxicology, 2011(102), 24-30.
Munlun, S. (2017). The Development of Playor (White fish Sausage) Product with Green Caviars. Dusit Thani College. (in Thai)
Nursidi, Ali, S. A., Anshary, H. & Tahya, A. M. (2017). Environmental parameters and specific growth of Kappaphycus alvarezii in Saugi Island, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux, 2017(10), 698-702.
Pariyawathee, S. (2003). Use of Sea Grape (Caulerpa lentillifera J. Agardh) for Treating the Effluent from Intensive Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) Culture. Master Thesis ISBN 974-9670-04-3. Walailak University. (in Thai)
Perryman, S. E., Lapong, I., Mustafa A., Sabang, R., & Rimmer, M. A. (2017). Potential of metal contamination to affect the food safety of seaweed (Caulerpa spp.) cultured in coastal ponds in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Aquaculture Reports, 2017(5), 27-33.
Pugdeepun, N. (2001). Growth and Nutritive Values of Sea Grape, Caulerpa lentillifera J. Agardh. Master Thesis ISBN 974-461-357-2. Kasetsart University. (in Thai)
Reque d’Orbcastel, E., Person-Le-Ruyet, J., Le Bayon, N., Blancheton, J.P. (2009). Comparative growth and welfare in rainbow trout reared in re-circulating and flow through rearing systems. Aquacultural Engineering, 2009(40), 79-86.
Sharma, B.R. & Rhyu, D. Y. (2014). Anti-diabetic effects of Caulerpa lentillifera: stimulation of insulin secretion in pancreatic B-cells and enhancement of glucose uptake in adipocytes. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2014(4(47)), 575-580.
Strickland, J.D. & Parsons, T.R. (1972). A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis. Fish. Res. B. of C. Bull. 167 (Second edition). Ottawa.
Sudtongkong, C. (2008). Culture Seaweeds (Caulerpa racemosa var corynephora) for Commercial Purpose in Trang Province. Research report. Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya Trang Campus.
(in Thai)
Tait, R.V. (1981). Elements of Marine Ecology: An Introductory Course. (3rd Edition). Butterworths, London.
Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L., & Stensel, H. D. (2003). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. McGraw-Hill Education. Singapore.
Zhang, S. Y., Li, G., Wu, H. B., Liu, X. G., Yao, Y. H., Tao, L., & Liu, H. (2011). An integrated recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for land-based fish farming: The effects on water quality and fish production. Aquacultural Engineering, 2011(45), 93-102.
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2020-05-01
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