Extracting Carbendazim Residue in Lettuce Using Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion
Abstract
This study aimed for practically unsophisticated, less time- and cost-consuming techniques in extracting and analyzing carbendazim residue in lettuce. The used method was matrix solid-phase dispersion. By mechanically blended diatomaceous earth with the lettuce that spiked standard carbendazim concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 µg/g, by using mortar and pestle, a bonded-phase was induced between them. The amounts of lettuce were 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 g, while the amounts of the solid support were 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 times those of the lettuce quantities. The mixtures were filled in plastic syringes and different solvents which were dichloromethane, methanol, ethyl acetate, and the 70:30 mixture of dichloromethane and methanol were poured one at the time to elute the carbendazim and then evaporated. The residual carbendazim was re-dissolved using methanol and determined its concentration. The obtained concentration was compared to the initial spiked concentration to determine the recovery percentage. The acceptable range is 80-110%, based on the Association of Analytical Communities. It was found that the appropriate amount of lettuce for this method was 1.0 g, with the ratio of 1 : 4 between lettuce and diatomaceous earth. The suitable solvent for eluting carbendazim in a descending order was methanol > a mixture between dichloromethane and methanol > ethyl acetate > dichloromethane. The suitable amount of solvent was 40 mL. The findings can be applied to other pesticide residue in agricultural products since it is not complicated and use small amount of chemical substances.Keywords : carbendazim, pesticide extraction and analytical procedures, matrix solid-phase dispersionReferences
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Blasco, C., Font, G., & Picó, Y. (2002). Comparison of microextraction procedures to determine pesticides in oranges by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 970, 201-212.
Chemtrack. (2008). EU found contaminants in Thai food. Retrieved October 29, 2018, from http://www.chemtrack.org/News-Detail.asp?TID=7&ID=43. (in Thai)
Chemtrack. (n.d.). Carbendazim. Retrieved October 29, 2018, from http://www.chemtrack.org/Chem-Detail.asp?ID=07513. (in Thai)
Codex Alimentarius. (2018). Pesticides Database Search. Retrieved October 29, 2018, from http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/pestres/pesticide-detail/en/?p_id=72.
Da Silva, R. L., Da Silva, C. P., & Navickiene, S. (2010). Multiresidue determination of carbamate, organochlorine, organophosphorus, and dicarboximide pesticides in lettuce by GC/MS. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B, 45, 589-594.
FINAR. (n.d). HPLC Solvent Properties. Retrieved October 29, 2018, from http://www.finarchemicals.com/pdf/hplc_solvent_properties_solvent_miscibility_table.pdf.
Ling, Y-C & Huang, I-P. (1995). Multi-residue matrix solid-phase dispersion method for the determination of six synthetic pyrethroids in vegetables followed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 695, 75-82.
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Michel, M. & Buszewski, B. (2003). Isolation and determination of carbendazim residue from wheat grain by matrix solid-phase dispersion and HPLC. Journal of Separation Science, 26, 1269-1272.
Narkjuetong, P., Jaisue, S., Ngamsakpasert, C., & Chuaybamroong, P. (2011). Carbendazim residue in agricultural products and its removal using photocatalysis. KKU Research Journal, 16(5), 454-467.
(in Thai)
National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards. (2015). Maximum Residue Limit; MRL. Retrieved October 29, 2018, from http://www.acfs.go.th/showMRL.php?Product=0&Residue=4& out_style=by+Commodity. (in Thai)
Perret, D., Gentili, A.,Marchese, S., Sergi, M., & D’ Ascenzo, G. (2002). Validation of a method for the determination of multiclass pesticide residues in fruit juices by liquid chromatograph/tandem mass spectrometry after extraction by matrix solid-phase dispersion. Journal of AOAC International, 85 (3), 724-730.
Prasopsuk, J., Saisuphan, P., & Srisawangwong, W. (2014). Analysis of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits for the certification of Good Agricultural Practice in upper Northeast Thailand. Khon Kaen Agricultural Journal, 42 (Suppl 2), 430-439. (in Thai)
Radišić, M., Grujić, S., Vasiljević, T., & Laušević, M. (2009). Determination of selected pesticides in fruit juices by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry, 113, 712-719.
Rodrigues, S. A., Caldas, S. S., & Primel, E. G. (2010). A simple; efficient and environmentally friendly method for the extraction of pesticides from onion by matrix solid-phase dispersion with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric detection. Analytica Chimica Acta, 678, 82-89.
Rubert, J., Soler, C., & Mañes, J. (2011). Evaluation of matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) extraction for multi-mycotoxin determination in different flours using LC-MS/MS. Talanta, 85, 206-215.
Sicbaldi, F., Sarra, A., & Copeta, G.L. (1997). Diatomaceous earth-assisted extraction for the multiresidue determination of pesticides. Journal of Chromatography A, 765, 23-30.
Silva, M. G. D., Aquino, A., Dórea, H. S., & Navickiene, S. (2008). Simultaneous determination of eight pesticide residues in coconut using MSPD and GC/MS. Talanta, 76, 680-684.
Thai-PAN. (2014). Issue on the news of pesticide residues in vegetable and fruit samples. Retrieved October 29, 2018, from https://thaipan.org/data/604 (in Thai)
the Japan Food Chemical Research Foundation. (n.d.). Table of MRLs for Agricultural Chemicals: Carbendazim, Thiophanate, Thiophanate-Methyl and Benomyl. Retrieved October 29, 2018, from http://db.ffcr.or.jp/front/pesticide_detail?id=16900.
the Korean Food and Drug Administration. (2017). Pesticide MRLs in Food. Retrieved October 29, 2018, from http://www.mfds.go.kr/eng/brd/m_15/view.do?seq=72123.
Viana, E., Moltó, J.C., & Font, G. (1996). Optimization of a matrix solid-phase dispersion method for the analysis of pesticide residues in vegetables. Journal of Chromatography A, 754, 437-444.
Blasco, C., Font, G., & Picó, Y. (2002). Comparison of microextraction procedures to determine pesticides in oranges by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 970, 201-212.
Chemtrack. (2008). EU found contaminants in Thai food. Retrieved October 29, 2018, from http://www.chemtrack.org/News-Detail.asp?TID=7&ID=43. (in Thai)
Chemtrack. (n.d.). Carbendazim. Retrieved October 29, 2018, from http://www.chemtrack.org/Chem-Detail.asp?ID=07513. (in Thai)
Codex Alimentarius. (2018). Pesticides Database Search. Retrieved October 29, 2018, from http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/pestres/pesticide-detail/en/?p_id=72.
Da Silva, R. L., Da Silva, C. P., & Navickiene, S. (2010). Multiresidue determination of carbamate, organochlorine, organophosphorus, and dicarboximide pesticides in lettuce by GC/MS. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B, 45, 589-594.
FINAR. (n.d). HPLC Solvent Properties. Retrieved October 29, 2018, from http://www.finarchemicals.com/pdf/hplc_solvent_properties_solvent_miscibility_table.pdf.
Ling, Y-C & Huang, I-P. (1995). Multi-residue matrix solid-phase dispersion method for the determination of six synthetic pyrethroids in vegetables followed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 695, 75-82.
MGR ONLINE. (2014). Supermarket customers are terrified by the residues in vegetable and fruits. Retrieved October 29, 2018, from https://mgronline.com/infographic/detail/9570000095873. (in Thai)
Michel, M. & Buszewski, B. (2003). Isolation and determination of carbendazim residue from wheat grain by matrix solid-phase dispersion and HPLC. Journal of Separation Science, 26, 1269-1272.
Narkjuetong, P., Jaisue, S., Ngamsakpasert, C., & Chuaybamroong, P. (2011). Carbendazim residue in agricultural products and its removal using photocatalysis. KKU Research Journal, 16(5), 454-467.
(in Thai)
National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards. (2015). Maximum Residue Limit; MRL. Retrieved October 29, 2018, from http://www.acfs.go.th/showMRL.php?Product=0&Residue=4& out_style=by+Commodity. (in Thai)
Perret, D., Gentili, A.,Marchese, S., Sergi, M., & D’ Ascenzo, G. (2002). Validation of a method for the determination of multiclass pesticide residues in fruit juices by liquid chromatograph/tandem mass spectrometry after extraction by matrix solid-phase dispersion. Journal of AOAC International, 85 (3), 724-730.
Prasopsuk, J., Saisuphan, P., & Srisawangwong, W. (2014). Analysis of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits for the certification of Good Agricultural Practice in upper Northeast Thailand. Khon Kaen Agricultural Journal, 42 (Suppl 2), 430-439. (in Thai)
Radišić, M., Grujić, S., Vasiljević, T., & Laušević, M. (2009). Determination of selected pesticides in fruit juices by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry, 113, 712-719.
Rodrigues, S. A., Caldas, S. S., & Primel, E. G. (2010). A simple; efficient and environmentally friendly method for the extraction of pesticides from onion by matrix solid-phase dispersion with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric detection. Analytica Chimica Acta, 678, 82-89.
Rubert, J., Soler, C., & Mañes, J. (2011). Evaluation of matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) extraction for multi-mycotoxin determination in different flours using LC-MS/MS. Talanta, 85, 206-215.
Sicbaldi, F., Sarra, A., & Copeta, G.L. (1997). Diatomaceous earth-assisted extraction for the multiresidue determination of pesticides. Journal of Chromatography A, 765, 23-30.
Silva, M. G. D., Aquino, A., Dórea, H. S., & Navickiene, S. (2008). Simultaneous determination of eight pesticide residues in coconut using MSPD and GC/MS. Talanta, 76, 680-684.
Thai-PAN. (2014). Issue on the news of pesticide residues in vegetable and fruit samples. Retrieved October 29, 2018, from https://thaipan.org/data/604 (in Thai)
the Japan Food Chemical Research Foundation. (n.d.). Table of MRLs for Agricultural Chemicals: Carbendazim, Thiophanate, Thiophanate-Methyl and Benomyl. Retrieved October 29, 2018, from http://db.ffcr.or.jp/front/pesticide_detail?id=16900.
the Korean Food and Drug Administration. (2017). Pesticide MRLs in Food. Retrieved October 29, 2018, from http://www.mfds.go.kr/eng/brd/m_15/view.do?seq=72123.
Viana, E., Moltó, J.C., & Font, G. (1996). Optimization of a matrix solid-phase dispersion method for the analysis of pesticide residues in vegetables. Journal of Chromatography A, 754, 437-444.
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2019-05-23
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