Cost-Benefit Analysis of Adaptation Options on Sandy Beach Erosion in Thailand
Abstract
This study focuses on the effects of rising sea levels on sandy beach erosion in Thailand. The cost–benefit analysis (CBA) method was utilized to evaluate the economic impact of various adaptation options in three study areas: Laem Mae Phim beach inRayongProvince, Ban Ko Fai beach inNakhonSiThammaratProvince, and Pak Meng beach inTrangProvince. The aspects of sand loss, forced human migration, and tourism flows and revenues were evaluated using secondary data and data from field studies conducted in 2014. These were modelled through three scenarios over a 22-year project lifetime (2014-2035). The results of the CBA reveal that Scenario 2 (beach nourishment) is not an appropriate adaptation option for sandy beaches that are significantly eroded (Ban Ko Fai and Pak Meng beaches), while other options, such as sea walls, wave attenuation domes with beach nourishment, and artificial reefs, are likely suitable. At Laem Mae Phim beach, the beach nourishment option is likely to be sufficient due to the lower rate of erosion. These CBA results could aid various stakeholders and local communities as they are forced to adapt to beach erosion inThailand. Nevertheless, the application of hard structure options must be undertaken with caution due to the potential adverse effects. Keywords : adaptation option, beach erosion, CBA method, sea-level riseReferences
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Bank of Thailand. (2016). Interest rate of government saving bond. Retrieved Aug 20, 2018, from
https://www.bot.or.th/Thai/DebtSecurities/SalestoIndividuals/SavingBond/Pages/default.aspx (in Thai)
Boonma, J., & Saelim, P. (2011). Shore utilization in southeastern Thailand: Budget, policies and solutions. Retrieved Aug 15, 2018, from http://www.tuhpp.net/files/Southeastern.pdf (in Thai)
Boonyobhas, A. (2011). Pattaya’s beach landscape improvement for tourism activities. Retrieved Aug 15, 2018, from http://www.arch.chula.ac.th/journal/files/article/kKfposVhfXWed11223.pdf (in Thai)
Department of Marine and Coastal Resource. (2009). Approaches and option to solve coastal erosion problems. Retrieved Aug 18, 2018, from http://www.dmcr.go.th/marinecenter/erosion-lesson4.php (in Thai)
Department of Marine and Coastal Resource. (2013). Final report: Development for coastal erosion master plan and action plan project: the Andaman Sea coast. Bangkok Department of Marine and Coastal Resource. (in Thai)
Faculty of Economics, Prince of Songkhla University. (2011). Sandy beach: Vanished natural heritage. Public policy driving projects: A case study of sandy beach utilization and conservation. Songkhla: Faculty of Economics, Prince of Songkhla University. (in Thai)
Hamilton, J. M., Maddison, D. J., & Tol, R. S. J. (2004). Climate change and international tourism: A simulation study. Global Environmental Change, 15(3), 253-266. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.12.009
Hinkel, J., Nicholls, R. J., Tol, R. S. J., Wang, Z. B., Hamilton, J. M., Boot, G., Vafeidis, A. T., McFadden, L., Ganopolski, A., & Klein, R. J. T. (2013). A global analysis of erosion of sandy beaches and sea-level rise: An application of DIVA. Global and Planetary Change, 111(1), 150-158. doi:150-158. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.09.002
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2014). Climate change 2014 synthesis report summary for policymakers. Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Kraipanon, N. (2011). Policy and plan to protect and solve coastal erosion problems. Bangkok: Author. (in Thai)
National Economic and Social Development Board. (2011). The eleventh national economic and social development plan (2012-2016). Bangkok: National Economic and Social Development Board.
National Research Council of Thailand. (2012). National research strategy for tourism; 2012-2016. Retrieved Aug 15, 2018, from http://www.ird.rmutt.ac.th/?wpfb_dl=172 (in Thai)
Nicholls, R. J. (2003). Case study on sea-level rise impacts. OECD workshop on the benefits of climate policy: Improving information for policy makers. Retrieved Aug 15, 2018, from
http://www.dmcr.go.th/marinecenter/erosion-intro.php
Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning. (2013). Climate change adaptation option for community. Study project: Compilation of knowledge and best practices on climate change adaptation for Thailand. Bangkok: Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning. (in Thai)
Prince of Songkla University. (2008). Full report: Change of coastal sediment investigation and study project. Songkhla: Prince of Songkhla University. (in Thai)
Rattanamamee, P. (2006). Application of submerged artificial reef on coastal protection.
Retrieved Aug 18, 2018, from http://www.tndl.org/psu/pdf/02%20SMART%20Paper.pdf (in Thai)
Stanford Law School. (2015). 2015 California coastal armoring report: Managing coastal armoring and climate change adaptation in the 21st century. California coastal records project. California: Stanford Law School.
Tubpun, Y. (1998). The economic evaluation of projects. Bangkok, Thailand: Author. (in Thai)
Van Rijn, L. C. (2010). Coastal erosion control based on the concept of sediment cells. Thematic priority: Forecasting and developing innovative policies for sustainability in the medium and long term. Delft: Author.
Wattanaparueda, S., & Lhuglog, W. (2006). Changes in Patong and Kamala beaches, Phuket province. Retrieved Aug 15, 2018, from http://www.dmr.go.th/download/phuket.pdf (in Thai)
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Published
2019-01-09
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Research Article
