Determination of Pesticide Residues in Fresh-chilies Sold in the City of Phitsanulok
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the contamination of organophosphate and carbamate in fresh chilies sold by 5 stalls in a wholesale vegetable market and 3 supermarkets in Phitsanulok. A total of 24 various types of chilies, including Kii noo chili, Chinda chili and Chee fah chili, was collected. All samples were tested for residues of pesticides using GT-test kit with 60 minutes of time for analysis. The result was expressed as a percentage of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. The Chinda chili had the highest percentage of AChE inhibition at 27.62±19.16 followed by Kii noo chili at 18.31±4.18 and Chee fah chili at 11.63±4.67. The results showed statistically significant differences between the average of percentage of AChE inhibition of diffrence types of chilies (F = 3.958, p = 0.040). All of the chili samples contained the average percentage of AChE inhibition at the safe toxicity level. However, the percentage of enzyme inhibition in one sample of Chinda chili was at the unsafe toxicity levels with the percentage of AChE inhibition of 89.47. The presence of pesticide residue in fresh chilies might have a negative effect on health of consumers. Relevant agencies should monitor and test for pesticide residues in fresh chilies for food safety. Keywords: chili, pesticides, enzyme inhibition assayReferences
Boonsorn, S., Chiemsombat, P., Chamswarng, C. & Wasee, S. (2016). Chili shoot rot caused by Choanephora cucurbitarum and screening of Thai native chili for disease resistance. Agricultural Science Journal. 47(1), 19-28. (in Thai)
Department of Agriculture Extension. (2017). The annual report of crop production 2017/2018, Retrieved June 6, 2018, from http://production.doae.go.th/report/report_main2.php?report_type=1
Office of Agricultural Research and Development Region 2. (2018). Chapter 8: Chili production technology after rice cultivation. Retrieved February 15, 2018, from http://www.doa.go.th/oard2/
Pakakatsama, P., Saisin, S. & Sutin, S. (2016). Detection of Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides Residues in Vegetables in Samutprakarn Province. Journal of the Association of Private Higher Education Institutions of Thailand, 5(1), 22-30. (in Thai)
Pakuthai, W. & Sriwaranun, Y. (2014). Chilies How to grow in climate change. Bangkok: The Thailand Research Fund. (in Thai)
Poophalee, T. Wongwattanasathien, O., Arparsrithongsakul, S. & Supuntee, M. (2016). Prevalence of pesticide residues in vegetables from markets and supermarkets in Muang District, Maha Sarakham Province. Thai Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 8(2), 399-409. (in Thai)
Rathish, D., Agampodi, S., & Jayasumana, C. (2018). Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor insecticides related acute poisoning, availability and sales: trends during the post-insecticide-ban period of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 23(1), 27.
Ratpukdi, S., Srihanaj, W. & Siriwong, W. (2015). Profenofos pesticide residue in chili from Huaruea district, Ubonratchathani and consumption risk. UBU Engineering Journal, 8(1), 115-122. (in Thai)
Regional Medical Sciences Center 6 Chonburi. (2018). Insecticide residue in fresh chilies sold in the fresh market of Regional Medical Sciences Center 6. Retrieved October 27, 2018, from http://rmsc6.dmsc.moph.go.th/fire_download/pic%202561.pdf
Srisang, P., Yasaka, S., Thiphom, S., Proysurin, N., Aungudornpukdee, P., Wattanachaiyingcharoen, W. & Hinhumpatch, P. (2017). Pesticide residues in fresh-cut guava and apple sold around a University in the Lower Northern. Thai Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 10(1), 82-87. (in Thai)
Thailand Pesticide Alert Network (2016). The monitoring of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits 2/2016. Retrieved February 15, 2018, from http://www.thaipan.org/document
Thoophom, G. (2007). Organophosphorous/Carbamate/Cholinesterase inhibitors. Handbook GT-Pesticide Test Kit Bangkok: publisher unknown.
Wongsakoonkan, W., Nguiyai, S., Phomngam, P. & Deelap S. (2016). Behaviors of pesticide exposure among chili farmers: case study at Chai Nat Village, Phu Nam Yot Subdistrict, Phetchabun Province. VRU Research and Development Journal Science and Technology, 11(3), 75-83 (in Thai)
Department of Agriculture Extension. (2017). The annual report of crop production 2017/2018, Retrieved June 6, 2018, from http://production.doae.go.th/report/report_main2.php?report_type=1
Office of Agricultural Research and Development Region 2. (2018). Chapter 8: Chili production technology after rice cultivation. Retrieved February 15, 2018, from http://www.doa.go.th/oard2/
Pakakatsama, P., Saisin, S. & Sutin, S. (2016). Detection of Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides Residues in Vegetables in Samutprakarn Province. Journal of the Association of Private Higher Education Institutions of Thailand, 5(1), 22-30. (in Thai)
Pakuthai, W. & Sriwaranun, Y. (2014). Chilies How to grow in climate change. Bangkok: The Thailand Research Fund. (in Thai)
Poophalee, T. Wongwattanasathien, O., Arparsrithongsakul, S. & Supuntee, M. (2016). Prevalence of pesticide residues in vegetables from markets and supermarkets in Muang District, Maha Sarakham Province. Thai Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 8(2), 399-409. (in Thai)
Rathish, D., Agampodi, S., & Jayasumana, C. (2018). Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor insecticides related acute poisoning, availability and sales: trends during the post-insecticide-ban period of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 23(1), 27.
Ratpukdi, S., Srihanaj, W. & Siriwong, W. (2015). Profenofos pesticide residue in chili from Huaruea district, Ubonratchathani and consumption risk. UBU Engineering Journal, 8(1), 115-122. (in Thai)
Regional Medical Sciences Center 6 Chonburi. (2018). Insecticide residue in fresh chilies sold in the fresh market of Regional Medical Sciences Center 6. Retrieved October 27, 2018, from http://rmsc6.dmsc.moph.go.th/fire_download/pic%202561.pdf
Srisang, P., Yasaka, S., Thiphom, S., Proysurin, N., Aungudornpukdee, P., Wattanachaiyingcharoen, W. & Hinhumpatch, P. (2017). Pesticide residues in fresh-cut guava and apple sold around a University in the Lower Northern. Thai Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 10(1), 82-87. (in Thai)
Thailand Pesticide Alert Network (2016). The monitoring of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits 2/2016. Retrieved February 15, 2018, from http://www.thaipan.org/document
Thoophom, G. (2007). Organophosphorous/Carbamate/Cholinesterase inhibitors. Handbook GT-Pesticide Test Kit Bangkok: publisher unknown.
Wongsakoonkan, W., Nguiyai, S., Phomngam, P. & Deelap S. (2016). Behaviors of pesticide exposure among chili farmers: case study at Chai Nat Village, Phu Nam Yot Subdistrict, Phetchabun Province. VRU Research and Development Journal Science and Technology, 11(3), 75-83 (in Thai)
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Published
2018-11-28
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Research Article
