Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction : Principle and Development of Extraction Solvent
Abstract
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has become a very popular environmentally benign sample preparation technique, possessing advantages of simple operation with a high enrichment factor, low cost, fast and low consumption of organic solvents. DLLME method involves the dispersion of fine droplets of extraction solvent in an aqueous sample. Partitioning of analytes into the extraction phase is instantaneous due to the very high collective surface area of the droplets. This leads to very low solvent consumption, relative to other liquid or solid phase extraction methods. This review includes the principle of DLLME and the development of DLLME using various extraction solvents and its applications. Keywords : liquid-phase microextraction, sample preparation, microextractionReferences
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Arthur, C.L. & Pawliszyn, J. (1990). Solid phase microextraction with thermal desorption using fused silica optical fibers. Analytical Chemistry, 62(19), 2145-2148.
Behbahani, M., Najafi, F., Bagheri, S., Bojdi, M.K., Hassanlou, P.G. & Bagheri, A. (2014). Coupling of solvent-based de-emulsification dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with high performance liquid chromatography for simultaneous simple and rapid trace monitoring of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186(4), 2609-2618.
Biparva, P., Ehsani, M. & Hadjmohammadi, M.R. (2012). Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using extraction solvents lighter than water combined with high performance liquid chromatography for determination of synthetic antioxidants in fruit juice samples. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 27(1), 87-94.
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Chen, H., Chen, R. & Li, S. (2010). Low-density extraction solvent-based solvent terminated dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of carbamate pesticides in water samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217(8), 1244-1248.
Fan, Y., Liu, S. & Xie, Q. (2014). Rapid determination of phthalate esters in alcoholic beverages by conventional ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography. Talanta, 119, 291-298.
Farajzadeh, M.A., Djozan, D., Reza, M., Mogaddam, A. & Norouzi, J. (2012). Determination of phthalate esters in cow milk samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography followed by flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. Journal of Separation Science, 35
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Ghambari, H. & Hadjmohammadi, M. (2012). Low-density solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography for determination of warfarin in human plasma. Journal of Chromatography B, 899, 67-71.
Guo, L. & Lee, H.K. (2011). Low-density solvent-based solvent demulsification dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the fast determination of trace levels of sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218(31), 1244-1248.
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Jouyban, A., Sorouraddin, M.H., Farajzadeh, M.A., Somi, M.H. & Fazeli-Bakhtiyari, R. (2015). Determination of five antiarrhythmic drugs in human plasma by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. Talanta 134, 681-689.
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Khalili-Zanjani, M.R., Yamini, Y., Shariati, S. & Åke Jönsson, J. (2007). A new liquid-phase microextraction method based on solidification of floating organic drop. Analytica Chimica Acta 585(2), 286-293.
Kocúrová, L., Balogh, I.S., Šandrejová, J. & Andruch, V. (2012). Recent advances in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using organic solvents lighter than water. A review. Microchemical Journal, 102,
11-17.
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Leong, M. & Huang, S. (2008). Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on solidification of floating organic drop combined with gas chromatography with electron-capture or mass spectrometry detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1211(1-2), 8-12.
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López-Darias, J., Germán-Hernández, M., Pino, V. & Afonso, A.M. (2010). Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction versus single-drop microextraction for the determination of several endocrine-disrupting phenols from seawaters. Talanta, 80, 1611-1618.
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Molaakbari, E., Mostafavi, A. & Afzali, D. (2011). Ionic liquid ultrasound assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for preconcentration of trace amounts of rhodium prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry determination. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 185(2-3), 647-652.
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Rezaee, M., Khalilian, F., Mashayekhi, H.A. & Fattahi, N. (2014). A novel method for the high preconcentration of trace amounts of the aflatoxins in pistachios by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction after solid-phase extraction. Analytical Methods, 6(10), 3456–3461.
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Sanagi, M.M., Abbas, H.H., Ibrahim, W.A.W. & Aboul-Enien, H.Y. (2012). Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on solidification of floating organic droplet for the determination of triazine herbicides in water and sugarcane samples. Food Chemistry, 133(2), 557-562.
Saraji, M. & Marzban, M. (2010). Determination of 11 priority pollutant phenols in wastewater using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 396(7), 2685-2693.
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Song, J., Zhang, Z.H., Zhang, Y.Q., Feng, C., Wang, G.N. & Wang, J.P. (2014). Ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography for determination of tetracycline drugs in eggs. Analytical Methods, 6(16), 6459-6466.
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Arroyo-Manzanares, N., Gámiz-Gracia, L. & García-Campaña, A.M. (2014). Alternative sample treatments for the determination of sulfonamides in milk by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Food Chemistry, 143, 459-464.
Arthur, C.L. & Pawliszyn, J. (1990). Solid phase microextraction with thermal desorption using fused silica optical fibers. Analytical Chemistry, 62(19), 2145-2148.
Behbahani, M., Najafi, F., Bagheri, S., Bojdi, M.K., Hassanlou, P.G. & Bagheri, A. (2014). Coupling of solvent-based de-emulsification dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with high performance liquid chromatography for simultaneous simple and rapid trace monitoring of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186(4), 2609-2618.
Biparva, P., Ehsani, M. & Hadjmohammadi, M.R. (2012). Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using extraction solvents lighter than water combined with high performance liquid chromatography for determination of synthetic antioxidants in fruit juice samples. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 27(1), 87-94.
Campone, L., Piccinelli, A.L., Celano, R. & Rastrelli, L. (2011). Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in cereal products. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218(42), 7648–7654.
Chen, H., Chen, R. & Li, S. (2010). Low-density extraction solvent-based solvent terminated dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of carbamate pesticides in water samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217(8), 1244-1248.
Fan, Y., Liu, S. & Xie, Q. (2014). Rapid determination of phthalate esters in alcoholic beverages by conventional ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography. Talanta, 119, 291-298.
Farajzadeh, M.A., Djozan, D., Reza, M., Mogaddam, A. & Norouzi, J. (2012). Determination of phthalate esters in cow milk samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography followed by flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. Journal of Separation Science, 35
(5-6), 742-749.
Farajzadeh, M.A., Seyedi, S.E., Shalamzari, M.S. & Bamorowat, M. (2009). Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using extraction solvent lighter than water. Journal of Separation Science, 32(18), 3191-3200.
Fariña, L., Boido, E., Carrau, F. & Dellacassa, E. (2007). Determination of volatile phenols in red wines by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1157(1-2), 46-50.
Fu, L., Liu, X., Hu, J., Zhao, X., Wang, H. & Wang, X. (2009). Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the analysis of triazophos and carbaryl pesticides in water and fruit juice samples. Analytica Chimica Acta, 632(2), 289-295.
Ghambari, H. & Hadjmohammadi, M. (2012). Low-density solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography for determination of warfarin in human plasma. Journal of Chromatography B, 899, 67-71.
Guo, L. & Lee, H.K. (2011). Low-density solvent-based solvent demulsification dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the fast determination of trace levels of sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218(31), 1244-1248.
Hashemi, P., Beyranvand, S., Mansur, R.S. & Ghiasvand, A.R.. (2009). Development of a simple device for dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with lighter than water organic solvents: Isolation and enrichment of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice. Analytica Chimica Acta, 655(1-2), 60-65.
Joshi, M.D. & Anderson, J.L. (2012). Recent advances of ionic liquids in separation science and mass spectrometry. RSC Advances, 2(13), 5470-5484.
Jouyban, A., Sorouraddin, M.H., Farajzadeh, M.A., Somi, M.H. & Fazeli-Bakhtiyari, R. (2015). Determination of five antiarrhythmic drugs in human plasma by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. Talanta 134, 681-689.
Kamankesh, M., Mohammadi, A., Hosseini, H. & Tehrani, Z.M. (2015). Rapid determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in grilled meat using microwave-assisted extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Meat Science, 103,
61-67.
Khalili-Zanjani, M.R., Yamini, Y., Shariati, S. & Åke Jönsson, J. (2007). A new liquid-phase microextraction method based on solidification of floating organic drop. Analytica Chimica Acta 585(2), 286-293.
Kocúrová, L., Balogh, I.S., Šandrejová, J. & Andruch, V. (2012). Recent advances in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using organic solvents lighter than water. A review. Microchemical Journal, 102,
11-17.
Lai, X.-W., Sun, D.-L., Ruan, C.-Q., Zhang, H. & Liu, C.-L. (2014). Rapid analysis of aflatoxins B1, B2, and ochratoxin A in rice samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with HPLC. Journal of Separation Science, 37(1-2), 92-98.
Leong, M. & Huang, S. (2008). Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on solidification of floating organic drop combined with gas chromatography with electron-capture or mass spectrometry detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1211(1-2), 8-12.
Li, X., Xue, A., Chen, H. & Li, S. (2013). Low-density solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with single-drop microextraction for the fast determination of chlorophenols in environmental water samples by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1280, 9-15.
Liu, H. & Dasgupta, P.K. (1996). Analytical chemistry in a drop. solvent extraction in a microdrop. Analytical Chemistry, 68(11), 1817-1821.
Liu, S., Xie, Q., Cao, J., Song, P., Chen, J. & Bai, W. (2013). Rapid determination of α-tocopherol in cereal grains using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by HPLC. Journal of Separation Science, 36(6), 1135-1141.
Liu, Y., Zhao, E., Zhu, W., Gao, H. & Zhou, Z. (2009). Determination of four heterocyclic insecticides by ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction in water samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216(6), 885-891.
López-Darias, J., Germán-Hernández, M., Pino, V. & Afonso, A.M. (2010). Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction versus single-drop microextraction for the determination of several endocrine-disrupting phenols from seawaters. Talanta, 80, 1611-1618.
Miao, X.-X., Liu, D.-B., Wang, Y.-R., Yang, Y.-Y., Yang, X.-Y. & Gong, H.-R. (2015). Modified QuEChERS in Combination with Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Based on Solidification of the Floating Organic Droplet Method for the Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Milk Samples. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 53(10), 1813-1820.
Moinfar, S. & Hosseini, M.-R.M. (2009). Development of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in tea. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 169(1-3), 907-911.
Molaakbari, E., Mostafavi, A. & Afzali, D. (2011). Ionic liquid ultrasound assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for preconcentration of trace amounts of rhodium prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry determination. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 185(2-3), 647-652.
Mookantsa, S.O.S., Dube, S. & Nindi, M.M. (2016). Development and application of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the determination of tetracyclines in beef by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Talanta, 148, 321-328.
Naeeni, M.H., Yamini, Y., Rezaee, M. & Seidi, S. (2012). Microwave-assisted extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction as a new approach to determination of chlorophenols in soil and sediments. Journal of Separation Science, 35(18), 2469-2475.
Negreira, N., Rodríguez, I., Rubí, E. & Cela, R. (2010). Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the rapid and sensitive determination of UV filters in environmental water samples. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 398(2), 995-1004.
Pedersen-Bjergaard, S. & Rasmussen, K.E. (1999). Liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction for sample preparation of biological fluids prior to capillary electrophoresis. Analytical Chemistry, 71(14), 2650-2656.
Primel, E.G., Caldas, S.S., Marube, L.C. & Escarrone, A.L.V. (2017). An overview of advances in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the extraction of pesticides and emerging contaminants from environmental samples. Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 14, 1-18.
Ranjbari, E., Golbabanezhad-Azizi, A.-A. & Hadjmohammadi, M.R. (2012). Preconcentration of trace amounts of methadone in human urine, plasma, saliva and sweat samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography. Talanta, 94, 116-122.
Rezaee, M., Assadi, Y., Hosseini, M-R.M., Aghaee, E., Ahmadi, F. & Berijani, S. (2006). Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Journal of Chromatography A, 1116, 1-9.
Rezaee, M., Khalilian, F., Mashayekhi, H.A. & Fattahi, N. (2014). A novel method for the high preconcentration of trace amounts of the aflatoxins in pistachios by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction after solid-phase extraction. Analytical Methods, 6(10), 3456–3461.
Rezaee, M., Mashayekhi, H.A., Saleh, A., Abdollahzadeh, Y., Naeeni, M.H. & Fattahi, N. (2013). Determination of abamectin in citrus fruits using SPE combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and HPLC–UV detection. Journal of Separation Science, 36(16), 2629-2634.
Sanagi, M.M., Abbas, H.H., Ibrahim, W.A.W. & Aboul-Enien, H.Y. (2012). Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on solidification of floating organic droplet for the determination of triazine herbicides in water and sugarcane samples. Food Chemistry, 133(2), 557-562.
Saraji, M. & Marzban, M. (2010). Determination of 11 priority pollutant phenols in wastewater using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 396(7), 2685-2693.
Saraji, M. & Tansazan, N. (2009). Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of phenylurea herbicides in water samples by HPLC-diode array detection. Journal of Separation Science, 32(23-24), 4186-4192.
Sereshti, H. & Samadi, S. (2014). A rapid and simple determination of caffeine in teas, coffees and eight beverages. Food Chemistry, 158, 8-13.
Shen, G. & Lee, H.K. (2002). Hollow fiber-protected liquid-phase microextraction of triazine herbicides. Analytical Chemistry, 74(3), 648-654.
Song, J., Zhang, Z.H., Zhang, Y.Q., Feng, C., Wang, G.N. & Wang, J.P. (2014). Ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography for determination of tetracycline drugs in eggs. Analytical Methods, 6(16), 6459-6466.
Sousa, R., Homem, V., Moreira, J.L., Madeira, L.M. & Alves, A. (2013). Optimisation and application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for simultaneous determination of carbamates and organophosphorus pesticides in waters. Analytical Methods, 5(11), 2736-2745.
Tobiszewski, M., Mechlińska, A., Zygmunt, B. & Namieśnik. (2009). Green analytical chemistry in sample preparation for determination of trace organic pollutants. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 28(8),
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2018-09-13
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