Total and Free Amino Acid Profiles in Four Rice Cultivars
Abstract
Total amino acids (hydrolyzed amino acids) and free physiological amino acids indicate nutritional values and metabolic changes. This research aimed to study in four rice cultivars such as Khao Ban Na 432, RD45, Prachin Buri 1 and Prachin Buri 2 in terms of their chemical compositions (protein, starch, and reducing sugar). Total amino acids and free physiological amino acids were investigated using GC-MS. Results showed that RD45 had a protein content at 8.72 g/100g followed by Prachin Buri 2 (8.45 g/100g), Khao Ban Na 432 (7.60 g/100g) and Prachin Buri 1 (7.53 g/100g). However, there were no significant differences in starch and reducing sugar contents. Seven amino acids (Val, Leu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Asp and Phe) were significantly different (p < 0.05). The average Leu and Glu contents of Khao Ban Na 432, RD45 and Prachin Buri 2 were 0.74 and 1.55 g/100g, respectively. For free amino acids, it was noted that Khao Ban Na 432 contained the highest levels of Asn and GABA (22.46 and 11.61 mg/100g). These results provide a valuable addition to the nutrition database of amino acid profiles of floating and deepwater rice cultivars and could contribute to breeding high quality rice. Keywords : profile, total amino acid, free amino acid, riceReferences
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Biancucci, M., Mattioli, R., Forlani, G., Funck, D., Costantino, P., & Trovato, M. (2015). Role of proline and GABA in sexual reproduction of angiosperms. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 1-11.
Bureau of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department. (2018). Rice knowledge bank. Retrieved June 7, 2018, from http://brrd.ricethailand.go.th/rvdb/. (in Thai)
Filee, R., Schoos, R., & Boemer, F. (2013). Evaluation of physiological amino acids profiling by tandem mass spectrometry. JIMD Repeports, 13, 119-128.
Garattini, S. (2000). Glutamic Acid, Twenty Years Later. The Journal of Nutrition, 130 (4), 901–909.
Hildebrandt, T.M., Nesi, A.N., Araujo, W.L., & Braun H.P. (2015). Amino acid catabolism in plants. Molecular Plant, 8, 1563-1579.
Hirano, T., Bekhasut, P., Sommut, W., Zungsontiporn, S., Kondo, A., Saka, H., & Michiyama, H. (2014). Differences in elongation growth between floating and deepwater rice plants grown under severe flooding in Thailand. Field Crops Research, 160, 73-76.
Jiang, C., Cheng, Z., Zhang, C., Yu, T., Zhong, Q., Shen, J.Q., & Huang, X. (2014). Proteomic analysis of seed storage proteins in wild rice species of the Oryza genus. Proteome Science, 12 (51), 1-12.
Jimenez-Martin, E., Ruiz, J., Perez-Palacios, T., Silva, A., & Antequera, T. (2012). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of free amino acids as their dimethyl-tert-butylsilyl (TBDMS) derivatives in animal source food. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60, 2456-2463.
Juliano, B.O. (1972). The rice caryopsis and its composition, In D.F. Houston (Ed.), Rice: Chemistry and Technology. (pp. 16-74). Minnesota. American Association of Cereal Chemists.
Kalman, D.S. (2014). Amino acid composition of an organic brown rice protein concentrate and isolate compared to soy and whey concentrates and isolates. Foods, 3(3), 394-402.
Karladeea, D., & Suriyong, S. (2012). -Aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in different varieties of brown rice during germination. ScienceAsia, 38, 13-17.
Kjeldahl, J. (1883). A new method for the determination of nitrogen in organic matter. Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie, 22, 366-382.
Li, F., Yin, Y., Tan, B., Kong, X., & Wu, G. (2011). Leucine nutrition in animals and humans: mTOR signaling and beyond. Amino Acids, 41, 1185-1193.
Li, Z., Yu, J., Peng, Y., & Huang, B. (2017), Metabolic pathways regulated by abscisic acid, salicylic acid and -aminobutyric acid in association with improved drought tolerance in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). Physiologia Plantarum, 159, 42-58.
Mahasing, P., Laohakunjit, N., & Kerdchoechuen, O. (2013). Functional properties of rice protein hydrolyzed by bromelain. Agricultural Science Journal, 44(2), 129-132. (in Thai)
Nguyen, H. C., Hoefgen, R., & Hesse, H. (2012). Improving the nutritive value of rice seeds: elevation of cysteine and methionine contents in rice plants by ectopic expression of a bacterial serine acetyltransferase, Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(16), 5991–6001.
Rujirapisit, P., Sangkaeo, W., & Leowsakulrat, S. (2012). Nutritional value of 9 rice cultivars. Agricultural Science Journal, 43(2), 173-176. (in Thai)
Santos, K.F.N., Silveira, R.D.D., Didonet, C.C.G.M., & Brondani, C., (2013). Storage protein profile and amino acid content in wild rice Oryza glumaepatula. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 48(1), 66-72.
Signorelli Poppolo, S., Dans, P. D., Coitino, E. L., Borsani, O., & Monza, J. (2015). Connecting proline and - aminobutyric acid in stressed plants through non-enzymatic reactions. PLoS One, 10(3), 1-14.
Thitisaksakul, M., Tananuwong, K., Shoemaker, C.F., Chun, A., Tanadul, O.U., Labavitch, J.M., & Beckles, D.M. (2015). Effects of timing and severity of salinity stress on rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield, grain composition, and starch functionality. Journal Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63(8), 2296-2304.
U-bonrat, T., Janprasert, K., & Pongprayoon, W. (2017). Physiological responses and clustering of four aromatic rice cultivars to NaCl salt stress. Burapha Science Journal, 22(2), 233-247. (in Thai)
Wang, Y., Gu, W., Meng, Y., Xie, T., Li, L., Li, J., & Wei, S. (2017). -Aminobutyric acid imparts partial protection from salt stress injury to maize seedlings by improving photosynthesis and upregulating osmoprotectants and antioxidants. Scientific Reports, 7, 1-13.
Wiset, L. (2012). Factors affecting the cooking qualities of rice. Burapha Science Journal, 17(1), 172-180. (in Thai)
Zhou, Z., Robards, K., Helliwell, S. & Blanchard, C. (2002). Composition and functional properties of rice. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 37, 849-868.
and starch in grain from somatic embryo- and seed-derived plants. Journal of Plant Physiology, 156
(5-6), 783-789.
Balindong, J.L., Ward, R.M., Liu, L., Rose, T. J., Pallas, L.A., Ovenden, B.W., Snell, P.J., & Water, D.L.E. (2018). Rice grain protein composition influences instrumental measures of rice cooking and eating quality. Journal of Cereal Science, 79, 35-42.
Biancucci, M., Mattioli, R., Forlani, G., Funck, D., Costantino, P., & Trovato, M. (2015). Role of proline and GABA in sexual reproduction of angiosperms. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 1-11.
Bureau of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department. (2018). Rice knowledge bank. Retrieved June 7, 2018, from http://brrd.ricethailand.go.th/rvdb/. (in Thai)
Filee, R., Schoos, R., & Boemer, F. (2013). Evaluation of physiological amino acids profiling by tandem mass spectrometry. JIMD Repeports, 13, 119-128.
Garattini, S. (2000). Glutamic Acid, Twenty Years Later. The Journal of Nutrition, 130 (4), 901–909.
Hildebrandt, T.M., Nesi, A.N., Araujo, W.L., & Braun H.P. (2015). Amino acid catabolism in plants. Molecular Plant, 8, 1563-1579.
Hirano, T., Bekhasut, P., Sommut, W., Zungsontiporn, S., Kondo, A., Saka, H., & Michiyama, H. (2014). Differences in elongation growth between floating and deepwater rice plants grown under severe flooding in Thailand. Field Crops Research, 160, 73-76.
Jiang, C., Cheng, Z., Zhang, C., Yu, T., Zhong, Q., Shen, J.Q., & Huang, X. (2014). Proteomic analysis of seed storage proteins in wild rice species of the Oryza genus. Proteome Science, 12 (51), 1-12.
Jimenez-Martin, E., Ruiz, J., Perez-Palacios, T., Silva, A., & Antequera, T. (2012). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of free amino acids as their dimethyl-tert-butylsilyl (TBDMS) derivatives in animal source food. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60, 2456-2463.
Juliano, B.O. (1972). The rice caryopsis and its composition, In D.F. Houston (Ed.), Rice: Chemistry and Technology. (pp. 16-74). Minnesota. American Association of Cereal Chemists.
Kalman, D.S. (2014). Amino acid composition of an organic brown rice protein concentrate and isolate compared to soy and whey concentrates and isolates. Foods, 3(3), 394-402.
Karladeea, D., & Suriyong, S. (2012). -Aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in different varieties of brown rice during germination. ScienceAsia, 38, 13-17.
Kjeldahl, J. (1883). A new method for the determination of nitrogen in organic matter. Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie, 22, 366-382.
Li, F., Yin, Y., Tan, B., Kong, X., & Wu, G. (2011). Leucine nutrition in animals and humans: mTOR signaling and beyond. Amino Acids, 41, 1185-1193.
Li, Z., Yu, J., Peng, Y., & Huang, B. (2017), Metabolic pathways regulated by abscisic acid, salicylic acid and -aminobutyric acid in association with improved drought tolerance in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). Physiologia Plantarum, 159, 42-58.
Mahasing, P., Laohakunjit, N., & Kerdchoechuen, O. (2013). Functional properties of rice protein hydrolyzed by bromelain. Agricultural Science Journal, 44(2), 129-132. (in Thai)
Nguyen, H. C., Hoefgen, R., & Hesse, H. (2012). Improving the nutritive value of rice seeds: elevation of cysteine and methionine contents in rice plants by ectopic expression of a bacterial serine acetyltransferase, Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(16), 5991–6001.
Rujirapisit, P., Sangkaeo, W., & Leowsakulrat, S. (2012). Nutritional value of 9 rice cultivars. Agricultural Science Journal, 43(2), 173-176. (in Thai)
Santos, K.F.N., Silveira, R.D.D., Didonet, C.C.G.M., & Brondani, C., (2013). Storage protein profile and amino acid content in wild rice Oryza glumaepatula. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 48(1), 66-72.
Signorelli Poppolo, S., Dans, P. D., Coitino, E. L., Borsani, O., & Monza, J. (2015). Connecting proline and - aminobutyric acid in stressed plants through non-enzymatic reactions. PLoS One, 10(3), 1-14.
Thitisaksakul, M., Tananuwong, K., Shoemaker, C.F., Chun, A., Tanadul, O.U., Labavitch, J.M., & Beckles, D.M. (2015). Effects of timing and severity of salinity stress on rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield, grain composition, and starch functionality. Journal Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63(8), 2296-2304.
U-bonrat, T., Janprasert, K., & Pongprayoon, W. (2017). Physiological responses and clustering of four aromatic rice cultivars to NaCl salt stress. Burapha Science Journal, 22(2), 233-247. (in Thai)
Wang, Y., Gu, W., Meng, Y., Xie, T., Li, L., Li, J., & Wei, S. (2017). -Aminobutyric acid imparts partial protection from salt stress injury to maize seedlings by improving photosynthesis and upregulating osmoprotectants and antioxidants. Scientific Reports, 7, 1-13.
Wiset, L. (2012). Factors affecting the cooking qualities of rice. Burapha Science Journal, 17(1), 172-180. (in Thai)
Zhou, Z., Robards, K., Helliwell, S. & Blanchard, C. (2002). Composition and functional properties of rice. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 37, 849-868.
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2018-09-10
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