Effect of Ultrasonic Irradiation Time on Properties of N-doped TiO2 Photocatalyst
Abstract
N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via ultrasonic-assisted impregnation method. Physico-chemical property of the obtained photocatalyst has been also carried out to investigate the effect of ultrasonic irradiation time on the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue under visible light. The ultrasonic irradiation plays an important role in the incorporation of nitrogen into the TiO2 lattice. The results showed that nitrogen can be incorporated into the TiO2 lattice as substitutional and interstitial forms. The incorporation of nitrogen into the TiO2 lattice leads to the decrease in the band gap energy and the increase the visible light absorption of N-doped TiO2. The photocatalytic activity of the catalysts with the ultrasonic irradiation times of 30 and 60 min (N/TiO2-30 and N/TiO2-60) exhibited the highest activity because they possessed the lowest band gap energies, and this resulted in an enhancement in the number of photo-induced electrons and holes under visible light irradiation. Increasing the ultrasonic irradiation time to 90 min, as in the case of N/TiO2-90, could increase the amount of interstitial nitrogen atoms in the lattice of the obtained N-doped TiO2, hence widening the band gap energy with respect to either N/TiO2-30 or N/TiO2-60. In addition, a large amount of bulk oxygen vacancies in the N/TiO2-90 catalyst may act as recombination centers for photogenerated electrons and holes, reducing the photocatalytic activity under visible light. Keywords: N-doped TiO2, photocatalytic activity, ultrasonic, visible light, band gap energyReferences
Abdelaal, M.Y., & Mohame, R.M. (2017). Novel Pd/TiO2 nanocomposite prepared by modified sol–gel method for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irradiation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 576, 201-207.
Cheng, X., Yu, X., & Xing, Z. (2013). Enhanced photoelectric property and visible activity of nitrogen doped TiO2 synthesized from different nitrogen dopants. Applied Surface Science, 268, 204–208.
Cinelli, G., Cuomo, F., Ambrosone, L., Colella, M., Ceglie, A., Venditti, F., & Lopez, F. (2017). Photocatalytic degradation of a model textile dye using Carbon-doped titanium dioxide and visible light. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 20, 71-77.
Dadsetan, S., Baghshahi, S., Farshidfar, F., & MehdiHadavi, S.M. (2017). Photodeposition of Pd nanoparticles on TiO2 utilizing a channel type quartz reactor. Ceramics International, 43, 9322-9326.
Diker, H., Varlikli, C., Mizrak, K., & Danab, A. (2011). Characterizations and photocatalytic activity comparisons of N-doped nc-TiO2 depending on synthetic conditions and structural differences of amine sources. Energy, 36 (2), 1243-1254.
DIugokecka, M., Luczak, J., Polkowska, Z., & Zaleska-Medynska, A. (2017). The effect of microemulsion composition on the morphology of Pd nanoparticles deposited at the surface of TiO2 and photoactivity of Pd-TiO2. Applied Surface Science, 405, 220-230.
Fan, C., Fu, X., Shi, L., Yu, S., Qian, G., & Wang, Z. (2017). Disorder modification and photocatalytic activity enhancement of TiO2 nanocrystals through ultrasonic hydroxylation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 703, 96-102.
Feng, X., Wang, P., Hou, J., Qian, J., Ao, Y., & Wang, C. (2018). Significantly enhanced visible light photocatalytic efficiency of phosphorus doped TiO2 with surface oxygen vacancies for ciprofloxacin degradation: Synergistic effect and intermediates analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 351, 196-205.
Gogoi, N., Borah, G., Gogoi, P.K., & Chetia, T.R. (2018). TiO2 supported gold nanoparticles: An efficient photocatalyst for oxidation of alcohol to aldehyde and ketone in presence of visible light irradiation. Chemical Physics Letters, 692, 224-231.
Golabiewska, A., Malankowska, A., Jarek, M., Lisowski, W., Nowaczyk, G., Jurga, S., & Zaleska-Medynska, A. (2016). The effect of gold shape and size on the properties and visible light-induced photoactivity of Au-TiO2. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 196, 27-40.
Grover, I.S., Prajapat, R.C., Singh, S., & Pal, B. (2017). Highly photoactive Au-TiO2 nanowires for improved photo-degradation of propiconazole fungicide under UV/sunlight irradiation. Solar Energy, 144, 612-618.
Hamadanian, M., Sarabi, A.S., Mehra, A.M., & Jabbari, V. (2014). Photocatalyst Cr-doped titanium oxide nanoparticles: Fabrication, characterization, and investigation of the effect of doping on methyl orange dye degradation. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 21, 161-166.
Hassan, E.M., Chen, Y., Liu, G., Zhu, D., & Cai, J. (2016). Heterogeneous photo-Fenton degradation methyl orange by Fe2O3/TiO2 nanoparticles under visible light. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 12, 52-57.
Hou, L., Zhang, M., Guan, Z., Li, Q., & Yang, J. (2018). Effect of annealing ambience on the formation of surface/bulk oxygen vacancies in TiO2 for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Applied Surface Science, 428, 640-647.
Hou, Y.D., Wang, X.C., Wu, L., Chen, X.F., Ding, Z.X., Wang X.X., & Fu, X.Z. (2008). N-doped SiO2/TiO2 mesoporous nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Chemosphere, 72, 414-421.
Huang, W.C., & Ting, J.M. (2017). Novel nitrogen-doped anatase TiO2 mesoporous bead photocatalysts for enhanced visible light response. Ceramics International, 43, 9992-9997.
Hu, X., Zhu, Q., Gu, Z., Zhang, N., Liu, N., Stanislaus, M.S., Li, D., & Yang, Y. (2017). Wastewater treatment by sonophotocatalysis using PEG modified TiO2 film in a circular Photocatalytic-Ultrasonic system. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 36, 301-308.
Kalantari, K., Kalbasi, M., Sohrabi, M., & Royaee, S.J. (2016). Synthesis and characterization of N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and their application in photocatalytic oxidation of dibenzothiophene under visible light. Ceramics International, 42, 14834-14842.
Kitano, M., Funatsu, K., Matsuoka, M., Ueshima, M., & Anpo, M. (2006). Preparation of nitrogen-substituted TiO2 thin film photocatalysts by the radio frequency magnetron sputtering deposition method and their photocatalytic reactivity under visible light irradiation. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110,
25266–25272.
Li, H., Li, J., & Huo, Y. (2006). Highly active TiO2N photocatalysts prepared by treating TiO2 precursors in NH3/ethanol fluid under supercritical conditions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110, 1559–1565.
Lin, Y.H., Hsueh, H.T., Chang,C.W., & Chu, H. (2016). The visible light-driven photodegradation of dimethyl sulfide on S-doped TiO2: Characterization, kinetics, and reaction pathways. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 199, 1-10.
Liu, F., Lu, L., Xiao, P., He, H., Qiao, L., & Zhang, Y. (2012). Effect of oxygen vacancies on photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2 effect of oxygen vacancies on photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2 nanotubes aggregation. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 33, 2255-2259.
Liu, T., Chen, W., Liu, X., Zhu, J., & Lu, L. (2016). Well-dispersed ultrafine nitrogen-doped TiO2 with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) acted as N-source and stabilizer for water splitting. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 25(1), 1–9.
Liu, Y., Liu, J., Lin, Y., Zhang, Y., & Weia, Y. (2009). Simple fabrication and photocatalytic activity of S-doped TiO2 under low power LED visible light irradiation. Ceramics International, 35, 3061-3065.
Lu, D., Zhao, B., Fang, P., Zhai, S., Li, D., Chen, Z., Wu, W., Chai, W., Wu, Y., & Qi, N. (2015). Facile one-pot fabrication and high photocatalytic performance of vanadium doped TiO2-based nanosheets for visible-light-driven degradation of RhB or Cr (VI). Applied Surface Science, 359, 435-448.
Lv, J., Gao, H., Wang, H., Lua, X., Xu, G., Wang, D., Chen, Z., Zhang, X., Zheng, Z., & Wu, Y. (2015). Controlled deposition and enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance of Pt-modified TiO2 nanotube arrays. Applied Surface Science, 351, 225-231.
Mirmasoomi, S.R., Ghazi, M.M., & Galedari, M. (2017). Photocatalytic degradation of diazinon under visible light using TiO2/Fe2O3 nanocomposite synthesized by ultrasonic-assisted impregnation method. Separation and Purification Technology, 175, 418-427.
Moradi, V., Jun, M.B.G., Blackburn, A., Herring, R.A., (2018). Significant improvement in visible light photocatalytic activity of Fe doped TiO2 using an acid treatment process. Applied Surface Science, 427, 791-799.
Neppolian, B., Wang, Q., Jung, H., & Choi, H. (2008). Ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel method of preparation of TiO2 nano-particles: Characterization, properties and 4-chlorophenol removal application. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 15, 649–658.
Peng, Y.-H., Huang, G.F., & Huang, W.Q. (2012). Visible-light absorption and photocatalytic activity of Cr-doped TiO2 nanocrystal films. Advanced Powder Technology, 23, 8-12.
Sakthivel, S., Marcin Janczarek, M., & Horst Kisch, H. Shanmugasundaram, (2004). Visible light activity and photoelectrochemical properties of nitrogen-doped TiO2. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 108, 19384–19387.
Samsudin, E.M., Hamid, SBA., Juan, J.C., Basirun, W.J., Kandjani, AE., & Bhargava, S.K. (2015). Controlled nitrogen insertion in titanium dioxide for optimal photocatalytic degradation of atrazine. RSC Advances, 5, 44041–44052.
Sang, H.N., Tae K.K., & Jin, H.B., (2012). Physical property and photo-catalytic activity of sulfur doped TiO2 catalysts responding to visible light. Catalysis Today, 185, 259-262.
Shao, P., Tiana, J., Zhao, Z., Shia, W., Gao, S., & Cui, F. (2015). Amorphous TiO2 doped with carbon for visible light photodegradation of rhodamine B and 4-chlorophenol. Applied Surface Science, 324, 35–43.
Wang, H., Gao, X., Duan, G., Yang, X., & Liu, X. (2015). Facile preparation of anatase-brookite-rutile mixed-phase N-doped TiO2 with high visible-light photocatalytic activity, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 3, 603–608.
Wang, Y., Feng, C., Zhang, M., Yang, J., & Zhang, Z. (2010). Enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity of N-doped TiO2 in relation to single-electron-trapped oxygen vacancy and doped-nitrogen, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 100, 84-90.
Wei, X.N., Wang, H.L., Wang, K.W., & Jiang, W.F. (2017). Facile synthesis of tunable carbon modified mesoporous TiO2 for visible light photocatalytic application. Applied Surface Science, 412, 357-365.
Wu, J.C.-S., & Chen, C.-H. (2004). A visible-light response vanadium-doped titania nanocatalyst by sol–gel method. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 163, 509-515.
Zaleska , A. (2008). Doped-TiO2: A Review. Recent Patents on Engineering, 2(3), 157-164.
Zeng, L., Song, W., Li, M., Jie, X., Zeng, D., & Xie, C. (2014). Comparative study on the visible light driven photocatalytic activity between substitutional nitrogen doped and interstitial nitrogen doped TiO2. Applied Catalysis A: General, 488, 239–247.
Zhou, L., Deng. J., Zhao, Y., Liu, W., An, L., & Chen, F. (2009). Preparation and characterization of N–I co-doped nanocrystal anatase TiO2 with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 117, 522-527.
Zhu, Z., & Wu, R.J. (2015). The degradation of formaldehyde using a Pt@TiO2 nanoparticles in presence of visible light irradiation at room temperature. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 50, 276-281.
Cheng, X., Yu, X., & Xing, Z. (2013). Enhanced photoelectric property and visible activity of nitrogen doped TiO2 synthesized from different nitrogen dopants. Applied Surface Science, 268, 204–208.
Cinelli, G., Cuomo, F., Ambrosone, L., Colella, M., Ceglie, A., Venditti, F., & Lopez, F. (2017). Photocatalytic degradation of a model textile dye using Carbon-doped titanium dioxide and visible light. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 20, 71-77.
Dadsetan, S., Baghshahi, S., Farshidfar, F., & MehdiHadavi, S.M. (2017). Photodeposition of Pd nanoparticles on TiO2 utilizing a channel type quartz reactor. Ceramics International, 43, 9322-9326.
Diker, H., Varlikli, C., Mizrak, K., & Danab, A. (2011). Characterizations and photocatalytic activity comparisons of N-doped nc-TiO2 depending on synthetic conditions and structural differences of amine sources. Energy, 36 (2), 1243-1254.
DIugokecka, M., Luczak, J., Polkowska, Z., & Zaleska-Medynska, A. (2017). The effect of microemulsion composition on the morphology of Pd nanoparticles deposited at the surface of TiO2 and photoactivity of Pd-TiO2. Applied Surface Science, 405, 220-230.
Fan, C., Fu, X., Shi, L., Yu, S., Qian, G., & Wang, Z. (2017). Disorder modification and photocatalytic activity enhancement of TiO2 nanocrystals through ultrasonic hydroxylation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 703, 96-102.
Feng, X., Wang, P., Hou, J., Qian, J., Ao, Y., & Wang, C. (2018). Significantly enhanced visible light photocatalytic efficiency of phosphorus doped TiO2 with surface oxygen vacancies for ciprofloxacin degradation: Synergistic effect and intermediates analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 351, 196-205.
Gogoi, N., Borah, G., Gogoi, P.K., & Chetia, T.R. (2018). TiO2 supported gold nanoparticles: An efficient photocatalyst for oxidation of alcohol to aldehyde and ketone in presence of visible light irradiation. Chemical Physics Letters, 692, 224-231.
Golabiewska, A., Malankowska, A., Jarek, M., Lisowski, W., Nowaczyk, G., Jurga, S., & Zaleska-Medynska, A. (2016). The effect of gold shape and size on the properties and visible light-induced photoactivity of Au-TiO2. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 196, 27-40.
Grover, I.S., Prajapat, R.C., Singh, S., & Pal, B. (2017). Highly photoactive Au-TiO2 nanowires for improved photo-degradation of propiconazole fungicide under UV/sunlight irradiation. Solar Energy, 144, 612-618.
Hamadanian, M., Sarabi, A.S., Mehra, A.M., & Jabbari, V. (2014). Photocatalyst Cr-doped titanium oxide nanoparticles: Fabrication, characterization, and investigation of the effect of doping on methyl orange dye degradation. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 21, 161-166.
Hassan, E.M., Chen, Y., Liu, G., Zhu, D., & Cai, J. (2016). Heterogeneous photo-Fenton degradation methyl orange by Fe2O3/TiO2 nanoparticles under visible light. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 12, 52-57.
Hou, L., Zhang, M., Guan, Z., Li, Q., & Yang, J. (2018). Effect of annealing ambience on the formation of surface/bulk oxygen vacancies in TiO2 for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Applied Surface Science, 428, 640-647.
Hou, Y.D., Wang, X.C., Wu, L., Chen, X.F., Ding, Z.X., Wang X.X., & Fu, X.Z. (2008). N-doped SiO2/TiO2 mesoporous nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Chemosphere, 72, 414-421.
Huang, W.C., & Ting, J.M. (2017). Novel nitrogen-doped anatase TiO2 mesoporous bead photocatalysts for enhanced visible light response. Ceramics International, 43, 9992-9997.
Hu, X., Zhu, Q., Gu, Z., Zhang, N., Liu, N., Stanislaus, M.S., Li, D., & Yang, Y. (2017). Wastewater treatment by sonophotocatalysis using PEG modified TiO2 film in a circular Photocatalytic-Ultrasonic system. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 36, 301-308.
Kalantari, K., Kalbasi, M., Sohrabi, M., & Royaee, S.J. (2016). Synthesis and characterization of N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and their application in photocatalytic oxidation of dibenzothiophene under visible light. Ceramics International, 42, 14834-14842.
Kitano, M., Funatsu, K., Matsuoka, M., Ueshima, M., & Anpo, M. (2006). Preparation of nitrogen-substituted TiO2 thin film photocatalysts by the radio frequency magnetron sputtering deposition method and their photocatalytic reactivity under visible light irradiation. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110,
25266–25272.
Li, H., Li, J., & Huo, Y. (2006). Highly active TiO2N photocatalysts prepared by treating TiO2 precursors in NH3/ethanol fluid under supercritical conditions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110, 1559–1565.
Lin, Y.H., Hsueh, H.T., Chang,C.W., & Chu, H. (2016). The visible light-driven photodegradation of dimethyl sulfide on S-doped TiO2: Characterization, kinetics, and reaction pathways. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 199, 1-10.
Liu, F., Lu, L., Xiao, P., He, H., Qiao, L., & Zhang, Y. (2012). Effect of oxygen vacancies on photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2 effect of oxygen vacancies on photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2 nanotubes aggregation. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 33, 2255-2259.
Liu, T., Chen, W., Liu, X., Zhu, J., & Lu, L. (2016). Well-dispersed ultrafine nitrogen-doped TiO2 with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) acted as N-source and stabilizer for water splitting. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 25(1), 1–9.
Liu, Y., Liu, J., Lin, Y., Zhang, Y., & Weia, Y. (2009). Simple fabrication and photocatalytic activity of S-doped TiO2 under low power LED visible light irradiation. Ceramics International, 35, 3061-3065.
Lu, D., Zhao, B., Fang, P., Zhai, S., Li, D., Chen, Z., Wu, W., Chai, W., Wu, Y., & Qi, N. (2015). Facile one-pot fabrication and high photocatalytic performance of vanadium doped TiO2-based nanosheets for visible-light-driven degradation of RhB or Cr (VI). Applied Surface Science, 359, 435-448.
Lv, J., Gao, H., Wang, H., Lua, X., Xu, G., Wang, D., Chen, Z., Zhang, X., Zheng, Z., & Wu, Y. (2015). Controlled deposition and enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance of Pt-modified TiO2 nanotube arrays. Applied Surface Science, 351, 225-231.
Mirmasoomi, S.R., Ghazi, M.M., & Galedari, M. (2017). Photocatalytic degradation of diazinon under visible light using TiO2/Fe2O3 nanocomposite synthesized by ultrasonic-assisted impregnation method. Separation and Purification Technology, 175, 418-427.
Moradi, V., Jun, M.B.G., Blackburn, A., Herring, R.A., (2018). Significant improvement in visible light photocatalytic activity of Fe doped TiO2 using an acid treatment process. Applied Surface Science, 427, 791-799.
Neppolian, B., Wang, Q., Jung, H., & Choi, H. (2008). Ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel method of preparation of TiO2 nano-particles: Characterization, properties and 4-chlorophenol removal application. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 15, 649–658.
Peng, Y.-H., Huang, G.F., & Huang, W.Q. (2012). Visible-light absorption and photocatalytic activity of Cr-doped TiO2 nanocrystal films. Advanced Powder Technology, 23, 8-12.
Sakthivel, S., Marcin Janczarek, M., & Horst Kisch, H. Shanmugasundaram, (2004). Visible light activity and photoelectrochemical properties of nitrogen-doped TiO2. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 108, 19384–19387.
Samsudin, E.M., Hamid, SBA., Juan, J.C., Basirun, W.J., Kandjani, AE., & Bhargava, S.K. (2015). Controlled nitrogen insertion in titanium dioxide for optimal photocatalytic degradation of atrazine. RSC Advances, 5, 44041–44052.
Sang, H.N., Tae K.K., & Jin, H.B., (2012). Physical property and photo-catalytic activity of sulfur doped TiO2 catalysts responding to visible light. Catalysis Today, 185, 259-262.
Shao, P., Tiana, J., Zhao, Z., Shia, W., Gao, S., & Cui, F. (2015). Amorphous TiO2 doped with carbon for visible light photodegradation of rhodamine B and 4-chlorophenol. Applied Surface Science, 324, 35–43.
Wang, H., Gao, X., Duan, G., Yang, X., & Liu, X. (2015). Facile preparation of anatase-brookite-rutile mixed-phase N-doped TiO2 with high visible-light photocatalytic activity, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 3, 603–608.
Wang, Y., Feng, C., Zhang, M., Yang, J., & Zhang, Z. (2010). Enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity of N-doped TiO2 in relation to single-electron-trapped oxygen vacancy and doped-nitrogen, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 100, 84-90.
Wei, X.N., Wang, H.L., Wang, K.W., & Jiang, W.F. (2017). Facile synthesis of tunable carbon modified mesoporous TiO2 for visible light photocatalytic application. Applied Surface Science, 412, 357-365.
Wu, J.C.-S., & Chen, C.-H. (2004). A visible-light response vanadium-doped titania nanocatalyst by sol–gel method. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 163, 509-515.
Zaleska , A. (2008). Doped-TiO2: A Review. Recent Patents on Engineering, 2(3), 157-164.
Zeng, L., Song, W., Li, M., Jie, X., Zeng, D., & Xie, C. (2014). Comparative study on the visible light driven photocatalytic activity between substitutional nitrogen doped and interstitial nitrogen doped TiO2. Applied Catalysis A: General, 488, 239–247.
Zhou, L., Deng. J., Zhao, Y., Liu, W., An, L., & Chen, F. (2009). Preparation and characterization of N–I co-doped nanocrystal anatase TiO2 with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 117, 522-527.
Zhu, Z., & Wu, R.J. (2015). The degradation of formaldehyde using a Pt@TiO2 nanoparticles in presence of visible light irradiation at room temperature. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 50, 276-281.
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2018-08-16
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