Effect of Chitosan on Growth of In Vitro Seedling Culture of Dendrobium lindleyi Steud.
Abstract
The study effect of chitosan on growth of in vitro seedling culture of Dendrobium lindleyi Steud. on semi-solid medium VW supplemented with different concentration of chitosan; 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 or 100 mg/L for 12 weeks. The result showed that the percentage of shoot formation (97.5%), the highest average of shoot numbers (9.30 shoots/plant) and highest of shoot length (2.56 cm/plant) could obtain when cultured on the medium with 100 mg/L chitosan. While, the culture of D. lindleyi Steud. seedling on the medium with 60 mg/L chitosan the result showed the percentage of root formation (97.5%) and highest average root numbers (1.98 roots/plant). Moreover, seedling could regenerate into inflorescence and flower bud (1.13%) when cultured on the medium with 60 mg/L and 100 mg/L chitosan. The plantlet of D. lindleyi Steud. gave the survival rate (82%) after 8 weeks on coconut husk chops in the greenhouse, the percentage of root formation (78%), the highest average root numbers (2.12 roots/plant), the average of leaf numbers (2.00 leaves/plant) and the highest average of shoot length (2.80 centimeter/plant). However, the plantlets were cultured on a charcoal piece showed the percentage of shoot formation (76%) and the average of shoot numbers (1.94 shoots/plant). Key word: Dendrobuim lindleyi Steud., chitosan, in vitro, planting material, in vitro floweringReferences
Asawatreratanakul, P. & Asawatreratanakul, K. (2012). Chitosan induction of fungal resistance in papaya seedling (Carica papaya L.). Thaksin University Journal, 15(3), 1-6. (in Thai).
Barka, E. A., Eullaffroy, P., Clement, C. & Vernet, G. (2004). Chitosan improves de-velopment and protects
Vitis vinifera L. against Botrytis cinerea. Plant Cell Reports, 22, 608-614.
Boonkerd, N., Chandrkrachang, S. & Stevens, W. F. (1996). Effect of chitin on nodulation N2fixation rhizobia-soybean symbiosis, chitin and chitosan. In Proceedings of the 2nd Asia Pacific Symposium.
(pp. 183-187.) Thailand: AIT, Bangkok.
Chang, C. & Chang W. C. (2003). Cytokinins promotion of flowering in Cymbidium ensifolium var. misericors
in vitro. Plant Growth Regulation, 39, 217-221.
Chang, C., Hu, W. H., Chen, Y. C., Su, Y. L. & Chiu, Y. T. (2010) In vitro flowering and mating system of Eulophia graminea Lindl. Botanical Studies, 51, 357-362.
Chawla, H. S. (2002). Introduction to plant biotechnology. USA: Science Publishers, Inc.
Chawla, H. S. (2003). Plant biotechnology a practical approach. USA: Science Publishers, Inc.
Chomicki, G., Bidel, L. P. R., Ming, F., Coiro, M., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Basissac, Y., Allemand, C. J. & Renner,
S. S. (2015). The velamen protects photosynthetic orchid roots against UV-B damage, and a large dated phylogeny implies multiple gains and losses of this function during the Cenozoic. New Phytologist, 205, 1330–1341.
de Melo Ferreira, W., Kerbauy, G. B., Kraus, J. E., Pescador, R. & Suzuki, R. M. (2006). Thidiazuron influences the endogenous levels of cytokinins and IAA during the flowering of isolated shoot of Dendrobium. Journal of Plant Physiology, 163, 1126-1134.
Duan, J. X. & Yazawa, S. (1994). In vitro floral development in × Doriella Tiny (Doritis pulcherring × Kingiella Philip-pinensis). Scientia Horticulturae, 59, 253-264.
Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F test. Biometrics, 11, 1 – 42.
Dutta, P. K., Dutta, J. & Tripathi, V. S. (2004). Chitin and chitosan: chemistry, properties and applications.
Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 63, 20-31.
Evans, D. E., Coleman, J. O. D. & Kearns, A. (2003). Plant cell culture. London and New York: BIOS Science Publishers.
Hamed, I., Ozogul, F. & Regenstein, J. M. (2016). Industrial applications of crustacean by-products (chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides): A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 48, 40-50.
Hassni, M. E., Hadrami, A. E., Daayf, F., Barka, E. A. & Hadrami, I. E. (2004). Chitosan, antifungal product against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis and elicitor of defence reactions in date palm roots. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 43, 195-204.
Hee, K. H., Loh, C. S. & Yeoh, H. H. (2007). Early in vitro flowering and seed production in culture in Dendrobium Chao Praya Smile (Orchidaceae). Plant Cell Reports, 26, 2055-2062.
Hirano, S. (1999). Chitin and chitosan as novel biotechnological materials. Polymer International, 48(8), 732-734.
Ieamkheng, S. & Noosawat, S. (2012). Effect of chitosan on in vitro growth and development of Dendrobium moschatum. In The 9th National Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Conference. (pp. 2206-2212).
(in Thai).
Junpatiw, A., Veenacoop, S., Saenphakdi, S. & Montri, N. (2014). Effect of chitosan and growing media on acclimatization of Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume. Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 42(3),
495-500. (in Thai).
Kanchanapoom, K. (2001). Plant tissue culture. (2nd ed). Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. (in Thai).
Kaur, P., Thakur, R. & Choudhary, A. (2012). An in vitro study of the antifungal activity of silver/chitosan nanoformulations against important seed borne pathogens. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 1(6), 83-86.
Kermanee, P. (1993). Plant tissue culture techniques. Bangkok: O.S. Printing House. (in Thai).
Kim, S. K. (2010). Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives biological activities and applications. USA: CRC Press.
Kostenyuk, I., Oh. B. J. & So, I. S. (1999). Induction of early flowering in Cymbidium niveomarginatum Mak in vitro. Plant Cell Reports, 19, 1-5.
Malerba, M. & Cerana, R. (2016). Chitosan effects on plant systems. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17, 1-15.
Montri, N. & Saesong, N. (2014). In vitro propagation of Eulophia graminea Lindl. Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 42(1), 596-601. (in Thai).
Montri, N., Saenphakdi, S. & Vinakub, S. (2014). Effect of growing media and chitosan on acclimatization of Doritis pulcherrima Lindl. seedlings from seed culture. Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 43(3), 518-523. (in Thai).
Murashige, T. and Skoog, F. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Plant Physiology, 15, 473 – 497.
Nahar, S. J., Kazuhiko, S., Li, H. C. & Kaewjampa, N. (2011). Effect of plant growth regulators on organogenesis in protocorm-like body (PLBs) of Cymbidium dayanum in vitro. Asian Research Publishing Network Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 6(6), 28-33.
Nakamura, T., Nakayama, N., Yamamoto, R., Shimamura, S., Kim, Y., Hiraga, S., Ohyama, T., Komatsu, S. & Shimada, S. (2010). Nitrogen utilization in the supernodulating soybean variety “Sakukei 4” and its parental varieties, “Enrei” and “Tamahomare”. Plant Production Science, 13(2), 123-131.
Nge, K. L., New, N., Chandrkrachang, S. & Stevens, W. (2006). Chitosan as a growth stimulator in orchid tissue culture. Plant Science, 170, 1185-1190.
Obsuwan, K. & Sawangsri, K. (2010). The effect of chitosan on growth of Dendrobium Queen Pink in tissue culture. Agricultural Sciences Journal, 41(3), 477-480. (in Thai).
Palpandi, C., Shanmugan, V. & Shanmugan, A. (2009). Extraction of chitin and chitosan from shell and operculum of mangrove gastropod Nerita (Dostia) crepidularia Lamarck. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 1(5), 198-205.
Pichyangkura, R. & Chadchawan, S. (2015). Biostimulant activity of chitosan in horticulture. Scientia Horticulturae, 196, 49-65.
Pillai, C. K. S., Paul, W. & Sharma, C. P. (2009). Chitin and chitosan polymers: Chemistry, solubility and fiber formation. Progress in Polymer Science, 34, 641-378.
Prasertsongskun, S. & Chaipakdee, W. (2011). Effect of chitosan on growth and development of Phalaenopsis cornucervi (Breda) Blume & Rchb.f. KKU Science Journal, 39(1), 113-119. (in Thai).
Prasertsongskun, S. & Purong, H. (2014). Effect of chitosan on in vitro growth and development of Dendrobium formosum Roxb. KKU Science Journal, 42(1), 127-134. (in Thai).
Prasertsongskun, S. (2006). Plant tissue culture and plant breeding. Bangkok: Forepace publishing house.
(in Thai).
Prasertsongskun, S. (2012a). Application of chitosan in plant tissue culture. Journal of Yala Rajabhat University, 7(2), 125-134. (in Thai).
Prasertsongskun, S. (2012b). In vitro flowering of orchid. KKU Science Journal, 40(3), 645-653. (in Thai).
Radom, S. & Inchonbot, S. (2012). Effect of different growing media on some types orchids, herbs. The Office of Agricultural Research and Extension Maejo University. (in Thai).
Razdan, M. K. (2002). Introduction to plant tissue culture. (2nd ed.). USA: Science Publishers, Inc.
Restanto, D. P., Santoso, B., Kriswanto, B. & Supardjono, S. (2016). The application of chitosan for protocorm like bodies (PLB) induction of orchid (Dendrobium sp.) in vitro. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 9, 462 – 468.
Ritti, W., Chourykaew, B., Phrombangyuan, P. & Thaksin, S. (2016). Effect of chitosan on growth and development of in vitro seedling of Panisea uniflora (Lindl.) Lindl. Songklanakarin Journal of Plant Science, 3(4), 8-13. (in Thai).
Ritti, W., Thapyai, C. & Kongbangkerd, A. (2012). In vitro flowering of Eulophia siamensis Rolfe ex Downie. In Proceedings of the 8th Naresuan Research Conference. (pp. 477-483). (in Thai).
Senavongse, R., Saensouk, P. & Saensouk, S. (2014). In vitro tissue culture of Dendrobium kontumense Gagnep. KKU Research Journal, 19(3), 399-413. (in Thai).
Shadihi, F., Arachchi, J. K. V. & Jeon, Y-J. (1999). Food applications of chitin and chitosans. Trends in Food Sciences & Technology, 10, 37-51.
Sim, G. E., Loh, C. S. & Goh, C. J. (2007). High frequency early in vitro flowering of Dendrobium Madame Thong-In (Orchidaceae). Plant Cell Reports, 26, 383-393.
Sopalun, K., Thammasiri, K. & Ishikawa, K. (2010). Effects of chitosan as the growth stimulator for Grammatophyllum speciosum in vitro culture. International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation, 4(11), 828 – 830.
Sunpapao, A. & Pornsuriya, C. (2014). Effects of chitosan treatments on para rubber leaf fall disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora Butler - a laboratory study. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 36(5), 507-521. (in Thai).
Supinrach, I., Banchongsiri, S. & Boonta, K. (2013). Effect of growing media and irrigation frequencies on survival and growth of Dendrobium anosmum. In The 3rd STOU Graduate Research Conference. (pp. 1-12).
(in Thai).
Supinrach, S & Supinrach, I. (2011). Study of medias on growth seedling Cattleya and Phalaenopsis.
In Proceedings of 49th Kasetsart University Annual Conference: Plants. (pp. 1-8). (in Thai).
Surajorn, P., Rungcharoenthong, P., Teeranitayatarn, K. & Amkha, S. (2017). The chitosan application for enhancing of plant growth, yield and secondary metabolite compounds in Khonkaen 3 sugarcane.
Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 45(1), 224-229. (in Thai).
Suvathi, Y. (2012). Chitosan with microbial inhibition. Government Pharmaceutical Organization R&D Newsletter, 19(4), 4-5. (in Thai).
Tee, C. S., Mazah, M. & Tan, C. S. (2008). Induction of in vitro flowering in the orchid Dendrobium Sonia 17. Biologia Plantarum, 52(4), 723-726.
Thaithong, O. (2008). Thai orchids. (15th ed.). Bangkok: Baan Lae Suan Printing. (in Thai).
Thummasaeng, S., Suabnukarn, P., Naivinit, W. & Unpim, U. (2006). A study on growing media and fertilizer on Daeng Ubon orchid (Doritis pulcherrima var. buyssoniana). Journal of Science & Technology, Ubon Ratchathani University, 8(3), 26-35. (in Thai).
Trigiano, R. N. & Gray, D. J. (2000). Plant tissue culture concepts and laboratory exercises. (2nd ed.).
USA: CRC Press.
Tungse, W., Boonpattaro, D. & Suwanchatri, N. (2016). The study of chitosan from fish scale (Lates calcarifer and Oreochromis niloticus) and shrimp shell (Litopenaeus vannamei). In Proceedings of The 6th SKRU Conference: Focus on Education and Culture for Community Development. (pp. 1069-1077.) (in Thai).
Uthairatanakij, A., da Silva, J. A. T. & Obsuwan, K. (2007). Chitosan for improving orchid production and quality. Orchid Science and Biotechnology, 1(1), 1 – 5.
Vacin, E. and Went, F. (1949). Some pH changes in nutrient solution. Botanical Gazette, 110, 605 – 613.
Vaz, A. P. A., Figueiredo-Ribeiro, R. de C. L. & Kerbauy, G. B. (2004). Photoperiod and temperature effects on
in vitro growth and flowering of P. pusilla, and epiphytic orchid. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,
42, 411-415.
Wang, G. Y., Liu, P., Xu, Z. H. & Chua, N. H. (1995). Effect of ABA on the in vitro production of flower buds of Dendrobium candidum Wall. ex. Lindl. Acta Botanica Sinica, 37(5), 374-378.
Wang, Z. H., Wang, L. & Ye, Q. S. (2009). High frequency early flowering from in vitro seedlings of Dendrobium nobile. Scientia Horticulturae, 122, 328-331.
Wattatana, S & Indamusika, S. (2010). Thai plants (Orchid 1). Chiang Mai: The Botanical Garden Organization.
(in Thai).
Withner, C. L. (1959). The orchid: a scientific survey. New York: The Ronald Press.
Xing, K., Zhu, X., Peng, X. & Qin, S. (2015). Chitosan antimicrobial and eliciting properties for pest control
in agriculture: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35, 569-588.
Barka, E. A., Eullaffroy, P., Clement, C. & Vernet, G. (2004). Chitosan improves de-velopment and protects
Vitis vinifera L. against Botrytis cinerea. Plant Cell Reports, 22, 608-614.
Boonkerd, N., Chandrkrachang, S. & Stevens, W. F. (1996). Effect of chitin on nodulation N2fixation rhizobia-soybean symbiosis, chitin and chitosan. In Proceedings of the 2nd Asia Pacific Symposium.
(pp. 183-187.) Thailand: AIT, Bangkok.
Chang, C. & Chang W. C. (2003). Cytokinins promotion of flowering in Cymbidium ensifolium var. misericors
in vitro. Plant Growth Regulation, 39, 217-221.
Chang, C., Hu, W. H., Chen, Y. C., Su, Y. L. & Chiu, Y. T. (2010) In vitro flowering and mating system of Eulophia graminea Lindl. Botanical Studies, 51, 357-362.
Chawla, H. S. (2002). Introduction to plant biotechnology. USA: Science Publishers, Inc.
Chawla, H. S. (2003). Plant biotechnology a practical approach. USA: Science Publishers, Inc.
Chomicki, G., Bidel, L. P. R., Ming, F., Coiro, M., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Basissac, Y., Allemand, C. J. & Renner,
S. S. (2015). The velamen protects photosynthetic orchid roots against UV-B damage, and a large dated phylogeny implies multiple gains and losses of this function during the Cenozoic. New Phytologist, 205, 1330–1341.
de Melo Ferreira, W., Kerbauy, G. B., Kraus, J. E., Pescador, R. & Suzuki, R. M. (2006). Thidiazuron influences the endogenous levels of cytokinins and IAA during the flowering of isolated shoot of Dendrobium. Journal of Plant Physiology, 163, 1126-1134.
Duan, J. X. & Yazawa, S. (1994). In vitro floral development in × Doriella Tiny (Doritis pulcherring × Kingiella Philip-pinensis). Scientia Horticulturae, 59, 253-264.
Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F test. Biometrics, 11, 1 – 42.
Dutta, P. K., Dutta, J. & Tripathi, V. S. (2004). Chitin and chitosan: chemistry, properties and applications.
Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 63, 20-31.
Evans, D. E., Coleman, J. O. D. & Kearns, A. (2003). Plant cell culture. London and New York: BIOS Science Publishers.
Hamed, I., Ozogul, F. & Regenstein, J. M. (2016). Industrial applications of crustacean by-products (chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides): A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 48, 40-50.
Hassni, M. E., Hadrami, A. E., Daayf, F., Barka, E. A. & Hadrami, I. E. (2004). Chitosan, antifungal product against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis and elicitor of defence reactions in date palm roots. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 43, 195-204.
Hee, K. H., Loh, C. S. & Yeoh, H. H. (2007). Early in vitro flowering and seed production in culture in Dendrobium Chao Praya Smile (Orchidaceae). Plant Cell Reports, 26, 2055-2062.
Hirano, S. (1999). Chitin and chitosan as novel biotechnological materials. Polymer International, 48(8), 732-734.
Ieamkheng, S. & Noosawat, S. (2012). Effect of chitosan on in vitro growth and development of Dendrobium moschatum. In The 9th National Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Conference. (pp. 2206-2212).
(in Thai).
Junpatiw, A., Veenacoop, S., Saenphakdi, S. & Montri, N. (2014). Effect of chitosan and growing media on acclimatization of Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume. Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 42(3),
495-500. (in Thai).
Kanchanapoom, K. (2001). Plant tissue culture. (2nd ed). Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. (in Thai).
Kaur, P., Thakur, R. & Choudhary, A. (2012). An in vitro study of the antifungal activity of silver/chitosan nanoformulations against important seed borne pathogens. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 1(6), 83-86.
Kermanee, P. (1993). Plant tissue culture techniques. Bangkok: O.S. Printing House. (in Thai).
Kim, S. K. (2010). Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives biological activities and applications. USA: CRC Press.
Kostenyuk, I., Oh. B. J. & So, I. S. (1999). Induction of early flowering in Cymbidium niveomarginatum Mak in vitro. Plant Cell Reports, 19, 1-5.
Malerba, M. & Cerana, R. (2016). Chitosan effects on plant systems. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17, 1-15.
Montri, N. & Saesong, N. (2014). In vitro propagation of Eulophia graminea Lindl. Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 42(1), 596-601. (in Thai).
Montri, N., Saenphakdi, S. & Vinakub, S. (2014). Effect of growing media and chitosan on acclimatization of Doritis pulcherrima Lindl. seedlings from seed culture. Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 43(3), 518-523. (in Thai).
Murashige, T. and Skoog, F. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Plant Physiology, 15, 473 – 497.
Nahar, S. J., Kazuhiko, S., Li, H. C. & Kaewjampa, N. (2011). Effect of plant growth regulators on organogenesis in protocorm-like body (PLBs) of Cymbidium dayanum in vitro. Asian Research Publishing Network Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 6(6), 28-33.
Nakamura, T., Nakayama, N., Yamamoto, R., Shimamura, S., Kim, Y., Hiraga, S., Ohyama, T., Komatsu, S. & Shimada, S. (2010). Nitrogen utilization in the supernodulating soybean variety “Sakukei 4” and its parental varieties, “Enrei” and “Tamahomare”. Plant Production Science, 13(2), 123-131.
Nge, K. L., New, N., Chandrkrachang, S. & Stevens, W. (2006). Chitosan as a growth stimulator in orchid tissue culture. Plant Science, 170, 1185-1190.
Obsuwan, K. & Sawangsri, K. (2010). The effect of chitosan on growth of Dendrobium Queen Pink in tissue culture. Agricultural Sciences Journal, 41(3), 477-480. (in Thai).
Palpandi, C., Shanmugan, V. & Shanmugan, A. (2009). Extraction of chitin and chitosan from shell and operculum of mangrove gastropod Nerita (Dostia) crepidularia Lamarck. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 1(5), 198-205.
Pichyangkura, R. & Chadchawan, S. (2015). Biostimulant activity of chitosan in horticulture. Scientia Horticulturae, 196, 49-65.
Pillai, C. K. S., Paul, W. & Sharma, C. P. (2009). Chitin and chitosan polymers: Chemistry, solubility and fiber formation. Progress in Polymer Science, 34, 641-378.
Prasertsongskun, S. & Chaipakdee, W. (2011). Effect of chitosan on growth and development of Phalaenopsis cornucervi (Breda) Blume & Rchb.f. KKU Science Journal, 39(1), 113-119. (in Thai).
Prasertsongskun, S. & Purong, H. (2014). Effect of chitosan on in vitro growth and development of Dendrobium formosum Roxb. KKU Science Journal, 42(1), 127-134. (in Thai).
Prasertsongskun, S. (2006). Plant tissue culture and plant breeding. Bangkok: Forepace publishing house.
(in Thai).
Prasertsongskun, S. (2012a). Application of chitosan in plant tissue culture. Journal of Yala Rajabhat University, 7(2), 125-134. (in Thai).
Prasertsongskun, S. (2012b). In vitro flowering of orchid. KKU Science Journal, 40(3), 645-653. (in Thai).
Radom, S. & Inchonbot, S. (2012). Effect of different growing media on some types orchids, herbs. The Office of Agricultural Research and Extension Maejo University. (in Thai).
Razdan, M. K. (2002). Introduction to plant tissue culture. (2nd ed.). USA: Science Publishers, Inc.
Restanto, D. P., Santoso, B., Kriswanto, B. & Supardjono, S. (2016). The application of chitosan for protocorm like bodies (PLB) induction of orchid (Dendrobium sp.) in vitro. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 9, 462 – 468.
Ritti, W., Chourykaew, B., Phrombangyuan, P. & Thaksin, S. (2016). Effect of chitosan on growth and development of in vitro seedling of Panisea uniflora (Lindl.) Lindl. Songklanakarin Journal of Plant Science, 3(4), 8-13. (in Thai).
Ritti, W., Thapyai, C. & Kongbangkerd, A. (2012). In vitro flowering of Eulophia siamensis Rolfe ex Downie. In Proceedings of the 8th Naresuan Research Conference. (pp. 477-483). (in Thai).
Senavongse, R., Saensouk, P. & Saensouk, S. (2014). In vitro tissue culture of Dendrobium kontumense Gagnep. KKU Research Journal, 19(3), 399-413. (in Thai).
Shadihi, F., Arachchi, J. K. V. & Jeon, Y-J. (1999). Food applications of chitin and chitosans. Trends in Food Sciences & Technology, 10, 37-51.
Sim, G. E., Loh, C. S. & Goh, C. J. (2007). High frequency early in vitro flowering of Dendrobium Madame Thong-In (Orchidaceae). Plant Cell Reports, 26, 383-393.
Sopalun, K., Thammasiri, K. & Ishikawa, K. (2010). Effects of chitosan as the growth stimulator for Grammatophyllum speciosum in vitro culture. International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation, 4(11), 828 – 830.
Sunpapao, A. & Pornsuriya, C. (2014). Effects of chitosan treatments on para rubber leaf fall disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora Butler - a laboratory study. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 36(5), 507-521. (in Thai).
Supinrach, I., Banchongsiri, S. & Boonta, K. (2013). Effect of growing media and irrigation frequencies on survival and growth of Dendrobium anosmum. In The 3rd STOU Graduate Research Conference. (pp. 1-12).
(in Thai).
Supinrach, S & Supinrach, I. (2011). Study of medias on growth seedling Cattleya and Phalaenopsis.
In Proceedings of 49th Kasetsart University Annual Conference: Plants. (pp. 1-8). (in Thai).
Surajorn, P., Rungcharoenthong, P., Teeranitayatarn, K. & Amkha, S. (2017). The chitosan application for enhancing of plant growth, yield and secondary metabolite compounds in Khonkaen 3 sugarcane.
Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 45(1), 224-229. (in Thai).
Suvathi, Y. (2012). Chitosan with microbial inhibition. Government Pharmaceutical Organization R&D Newsletter, 19(4), 4-5. (in Thai).
Tee, C. S., Mazah, M. & Tan, C. S. (2008). Induction of in vitro flowering in the orchid Dendrobium Sonia 17. Biologia Plantarum, 52(4), 723-726.
Thaithong, O. (2008). Thai orchids. (15th ed.). Bangkok: Baan Lae Suan Printing. (in Thai).
Thummasaeng, S., Suabnukarn, P., Naivinit, W. & Unpim, U. (2006). A study on growing media and fertilizer on Daeng Ubon orchid (Doritis pulcherrima var. buyssoniana). Journal of Science & Technology, Ubon Ratchathani University, 8(3), 26-35. (in Thai).
Trigiano, R. N. & Gray, D. J. (2000). Plant tissue culture concepts and laboratory exercises. (2nd ed.).
USA: CRC Press.
Tungse, W., Boonpattaro, D. & Suwanchatri, N. (2016). The study of chitosan from fish scale (Lates calcarifer and Oreochromis niloticus) and shrimp shell (Litopenaeus vannamei). In Proceedings of The 6th SKRU Conference: Focus on Education and Culture for Community Development. (pp. 1069-1077.) (in Thai).
Uthairatanakij, A., da Silva, J. A. T. & Obsuwan, K. (2007). Chitosan for improving orchid production and quality. Orchid Science and Biotechnology, 1(1), 1 – 5.
Vacin, E. and Went, F. (1949). Some pH changes in nutrient solution. Botanical Gazette, 110, 605 – 613.
Vaz, A. P. A., Figueiredo-Ribeiro, R. de C. L. & Kerbauy, G. B. (2004). Photoperiod and temperature effects on
in vitro growth and flowering of P. pusilla, and epiphytic orchid. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,
42, 411-415.
Wang, G. Y., Liu, P., Xu, Z. H. & Chua, N. H. (1995). Effect of ABA on the in vitro production of flower buds of Dendrobium candidum Wall. ex. Lindl. Acta Botanica Sinica, 37(5), 374-378.
Wang, Z. H., Wang, L. & Ye, Q. S. (2009). High frequency early flowering from in vitro seedlings of Dendrobium nobile. Scientia Horticulturae, 122, 328-331.
Wattatana, S & Indamusika, S. (2010). Thai plants (Orchid 1). Chiang Mai: The Botanical Garden Organization.
(in Thai).
Withner, C. L. (1959). The orchid: a scientific survey. New York: The Ronald Press.
Xing, K., Zhu, X., Peng, X. & Qin, S. (2015). Chitosan antimicrobial and eliciting properties for pest control
in agriculture: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35, 569-588.
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2018-05-25
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