Testing Direct Seeding Method of Native Tree Species for Restoring a Disturbed Mixed Deciduous Forest
Abstract
The objectives of this research were to test appropriate native tree species for restoring a disturbed mixed deciduous forest by direct seeding method and study effects of bamboos on germination and growth of the native tree species. The research was conducted in the forest area of Bodhivijjalaya College, Srinakharinwirot University, Mae Sot District, Tak Province. Native tree species were tested which were Afzelia xylocarpa, Bauhinia malabarica, Cassia fistula, Erythrina subumbrans, Knema erratica, Spondias pinnata and Terminalia bellirica. The results indicated that K. erratica germinated more than 60 percent both in the bamboo forest and in the nursery which higher than other species. It was also the only species that could survive after first rainy season with 88.2 percent survival rate. T. bellirica could not germinate in the bamboo forest, which seems not to be suitable for restoration by direct seeding method. Keywords : seedling establishment, seed germination, tropical forest restorationReferences
Ceccon, E., González, E. J., & Martorell, C. (2016). Is direct seeding a biologically viable strategy for restoring
forest ecosystems? evidences from a meta‐analysis. Land Degradation & Development, 27(3), 511-520.
Doust, S. J., Peter, D., Erskine, P. D., & Lamb, D. (2006). Direct seeding to restore rainforest species: Microsite
effects on the early establishment and growth of rainforest tree seedlings on degraded land in the wet tropics of Australia. Forest Ecology and Management, 234, 333-343.
Doust, S. J., Peter D. Erskine, P. D., & Lamb, D. (2008). Restoring rainforest species by direct seeding: Tree
seedling establishment and growth performance on degraded land in the wet tropics of Australia. Forest Ecology and Management, 256, 1178–1188.
Elliott, S. D., Blakesley, D., & Hardwick, K. (2013). Restoring tropical forest: a practical guide. Kew: Royal
Botanic Garden.
Forest Restoration Research Unit (FORRU). (2005). How to Plant a Forest: The Principles and Practice of
Restoring Tropical Forests. Chiang Mai: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University.
Gardner, S., Sidisunthorn, P., & Anusarnsunthorn, V. (2000). A Field Guide to Forest Trees of Northern Thailand.
Bangkok: Kobfai Publishing Project.
Gratzer, G., Rai, P.B., & Glatzel, G. (1999). The influence of the bamboo Yushania microphylla on regeneration of
Abies densa in central Bhutan. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29(10), 1518-1527.
Kisanuki, H., Kudo, T., & Nakai, A. (2012). Removing aboveground vegetation facilitates survival but slows height
growth of spruce saplings in a fenced, degraded sub-alpine forest in central Japan. Journal of forest research, 17(1), 110-115.
Kuaraksa, C., & Elliott, S. (2013). The use of Asian Ficus species for restoring tropical forest ecosystems.
Restoration Ecology, 21 (1), 86-95.
Larpkern, P., Moe, S. R., & Totland, Ø. (2011). Bamboo Dominance Reduces Tree Regeneration in a Disturbed
Tropical Forest. Oecologia, 165, 161-168.
Larpkern, P., Waiboonya, P., Moungsrimuangdee, B., & Kosuwan, S. (2016 a). Selecting native tree species for restoring disturbed mixed deciduous forest at Ban Mae Kued Luang community forest, Mae Sot district, Tak province. Srinakharinwirot Science Journal, 32(2), 137– 149. (in Thai)
Larpkern, P., Waiboonya, P., Moungsrimuangdee, B., & Yodsa-nga, P. (2016 b). Community Forestry : Ban Mae
Kued Luang Community Forest. Bangkok: Santisiri Press. (in Thai)
Lima, R. A., Rother, D. C., Muler, A. E., Lepsch, I. F., & Rodrigues, R. R. (2012). Bamboo over abundance alters
forest structure and dynamics in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. Biological Conservation, 147(1), 32-39.
Marod, D., Kutintara, U., Tanaka, H., & Nakashizuka, T. (1999). Structural Dynamics of a Natural Mixed Deciduous
Forest in Western Thailand. Journal of Vegetation Science, 10(6), 777-786.
Miyawaki, A. (2004). Restoration of living environment based on vegetation ecology: theory and practice.
Ecological Research, 19 (1), 83-90.
Palma, A. C., & Laurance, S. G. (2015). A review of the use of direct seeding and seedling plantings in restoration:
what do we know and where should we go?. Applied Vegetation Science, 18 (4), 561-568.
Taylor, A. H., Jinyan, H. & ShiQiang, Z. (2004). Canopy tree development and undergrowth bamboo dynamics in
old-growth Abies-Betula forests in southwestern China: a 12 year study. Forest Ecology and Management, 200, 347-360.
Thai Meteorological Department. (2017). The Climatological data for the period 2016-2016. Division of
Meteorological Information Services, Bureau of Meteorological Digital Services. (in Thai)
The Plant List. (2013). Version 1.1. Retrieved November 20, 2017, from http://www.theplantlist.org/.
Tunjai, P. (2005). Appropriate tree species and techniques for direct seeding for forest restoration in Chiang Mai
and Lamphun Provinces. M. Sc. Thesis, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai.
Tunjai, P., & Elliott, S. (2012). Effects of seed traits on the success of direct seeding for restoring southern
Thailand’s lowland evergreen forest ecosystem. New Forests, 43, 319-333.
Waiboonya, P. (2017). Development of new techniques of seed storage and direct seeding of native tree species
for tropical forest restoration. Ph. D. Dissertation, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai.
forest ecosystems? evidences from a meta‐analysis. Land Degradation & Development, 27(3), 511-520.
Doust, S. J., Peter, D., Erskine, P. D., & Lamb, D. (2006). Direct seeding to restore rainforest species: Microsite
effects on the early establishment and growth of rainforest tree seedlings on degraded land in the wet tropics of Australia. Forest Ecology and Management, 234, 333-343.
Doust, S. J., Peter D. Erskine, P. D., & Lamb, D. (2008). Restoring rainforest species by direct seeding: Tree
seedling establishment and growth performance on degraded land in the wet tropics of Australia. Forest Ecology and Management, 256, 1178–1188.
Elliott, S. D., Blakesley, D., & Hardwick, K. (2013). Restoring tropical forest: a practical guide. Kew: Royal
Botanic Garden.
Forest Restoration Research Unit (FORRU). (2005). How to Plant a Forest: The Principles and Practice of
Restoring Tropical Forests. Chiang Mai: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University.
Gardner, S., Sidisunthorn, P., & Anusarnsunthorn, V. (2000). A Field Guide to Forest Trees of Northern Thailand.
Bangkok: Kobfai Publishing Project.
Gratzer, G., Rai, P.B., & Glatzel, G. (1999). The influence of the bamboo Yushania microphylla on regeneration of
Abies densa in central Bhutan. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29(10), 1518-1527.
Kisanuki, H., Kudo, T., & Nakai, A. (2012). Removing aboveground vegetation facilitates survival but slows height
growth of spruce saplings in a fenced, degraded sub-alpine forest in central Japan. Journal of forest research, 17(1), 110-115.
Kuaraksa, C., & Elliott, S. (2013). The use of Asian Ficus species for restoring tropical forest ecosystems.
Restoration Ecology, 21 (1), 86-95.
Larpkern, P., Moe, S. R., & Totland, Ø. (2011). Bamboo Dominance Reduces Tree Regeneration in a Disturbed
Tropical Forest. Oecologia, 165, 161-168.
Larpkern, P., Waiboonya, P., Moungsrimuangdee, B., & Kosuwan, S. (2016 a). Selecting native tree species for restoring disturbed mixed deciduous forest at Ban Mae Kued Luang community forest, Mae Sot district, Tak province. Srinakharinwirot Science Journal, 32(2), 137– 149. (in Thai)
Larpkern, P., Waiboonya, P., Moungsrimuangdee, B., & Yodsa-nga, P. (2016 b). Community Forestry : Ban Mae
Kued Luang Community Forest. Bangkok: Santisiri Press. (in Thai)
Lima, R. A., Rother, D. C., Muler, A. E., Lepsch, I. F., & Rodrigues, R. R. (2012). Bamboo over abundance alters
forest structure and dynamics in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. Biological Conservation, 147(1), 32-39.
Marod, D., Kutintara, U., Tanaka, H., & Nakashizuka, T. (1999). Structural Dynamics of a Natural Mixed Deciduous
Forest in Western Thailand. Journal of Vegetation Science, 10(6), 777-786.
Miyawaki, A. (2004). Restoration of living environment based on vegetation ecology: theory and practice.
Ecological Research, 19 (1), 83-90.
Palma, A. C., & Laurance, S. G. (2015). A review of the use of direct seeding and seedling plantings in restoration:
what do we know and where should we go?. Applied Vegetation Science, 18 (4), 561-568.
Taylor, A. H., Jinyan, H. & ShiQiang, Z. (2004). Canopy tree development and undergrowth bamboo dynamics in
old-growth Abies-Betula forests in southwestern China: a 12 year study. Forest Ecology and Management, 200, 347-360.
Thai Meteorological Department. (2017). The Climatological data for the period 2016-2016. Division of
Meteorological Information Services, Bureau of Meteorological Digital Services. (in Thai)
The Plant List. (2013). Version 1.1. Retrieved November 20, 2017, from http://www.theplantlist.org/.
Tunjai, P. (2005). Appropriate tree species and techniques for direct seeding for forest restoration in Chiang Mai
and Lamphun Provinces. M. Sc. Thesis, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai.
Tunjai, P., & Elliott, S. (2012). Effects of seed traits on the success of direct seeding for restoring southern
Thailand’s lowland evergreen forest ecosystem. New Forests, 43, 319-333.
Waiboonya, P. (2017). Development of new techniques of seed storage and direct seeding of native tree species
for tropical forest restoration. Ph. D. Dissertation, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai.
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Published
2018-03-07
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