Metalworking Fluid: Environmental Effects and Treatment Methods
Abstract
Metalworking fluid is widely used in the metal cutting process. There are four types which are straight oil, semisynthetic, synthetic, and soluble oil, a commonly used one. It consists of the oil, the emulsifiers, and the additives which are rust inhibitor, pH buffer, biocides, lubricants and anti-foamer. Diethanolamine and nitrate compounds used to control the pH can react to form nitrosamines. High temperatures can cause oil to decompose into polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The use of triazine, a biocide, can release formaldehyde. These are carcinogens. The properties of soluble oil will be changed to be more toxic after use. Therefore, it should be properly disposed, especially soluble oil added chlorine compounds as a lubricant. Chemical and physical soluble oil treatment provide the way to utilize the soluble oil waste. Chemical methods include coagulation, electrocoagulation, adsorption, Fenton reaction. Physics methods include evaporation, freeze-thaw and membrane separation. The coagulation is considered suitable for Thailand because it is easy to operate and low cost. Keywords : metalworking fluid, metal cutting, environment, treatmentReferences
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Arslan, i., Balcioglu, I. A., & Bahnemann, D. W. (2000). Advanced chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse effluents by ferrioxalate-Fenton/UV-A and TiO2/UV-A processes. Dyes and Pigments, 47(3), 207-218.
Astakhov, V. P., & Joksch, S. (2012). Metalworking fuids (MWFs) for cutting and grinding: Fundamentals and recent advances. (pp. 397-401). Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.
Benedicto, E., Carou, D., & Rubio, E. M. (2017). Technical, economic and environmental review of the lubrication/cooling systems used in machining processes. Procedia Engineering, 184, 99-116.
Bensadok, K., Benammar, S., Lapicque, F., & Nezzal, G. (2008). Electrocoagulation of cutting oil emulsions using aluminium plate electrodes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152(1), 423-430.
Bratskaya, S. Y., Pestov, A. V., Yatluk, Y. G., & Avramenko, V. A. (2009). Heavy metals removal by flocculation/precipitation using N-(2-carboxyethyl)chitosans. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 339(1), 140-144.
Brinksmeier, E., Meyer, D., Huesmann-Cordes, A., & Herrmann, C. (2015). Metalworking fluids - Mechanisms and performance. CIRP Annals - Manuf Tech, 64(2), 605-628.
Byers, J. P. (2006). Metalworking Fluids, Second Edition: (pp. 105-137). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Canter, N. (2005). HLB: A new system for water-based netalworking fluids. Tribology and Lubrication Technology, 61(9), 10-12.
Cerqueira, A. A., & Marques, M. R. d. C. (2012). Electrolytic treatment of wastewater in the oil industry. In J. S. Gomes (Ed.), New Technologies in the Oil and Gas Industry (pp. Ch. 01). Rijeka: InTech.
Champreecha, W., Pranudta, A., & Piyamongkala, G. (2017). Equilibrium and batch design studies for cutting fluid adsorption onto sugarcane bagasse and modified sugarcane bagasse. Journal of King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 27(1), 1-13. (in Thai)
Chawaloesphonsiya, N., Guiraud, P., & Painmanakul, P. (2017). Analysis of cutting-oil emulsion destabilization by aluminum sulfate. Environmental Technology, 1-11.
Cheryan, M., & Rajagopalan, N. (1998). Membrane processing of oily streams. Wastewater treatment and waste reduction. Journal of Membrane Science, 151(1), 13-28.
Chipasa, K. (n.d.). Best practice guide for the disposal of water-mix metalworking fluids. Retrieved September 14, 2017, from http://www.ukla.org.uk
Debnath, S., Reddy, M. M., & Yi, Q. S. (2014). Environmental friendly cutting fluids and cooling techniques in machining: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 83, 33-47.
Demirbas, E., & Kobya, M. (2017). Operating cost and treatment of metalworking fluid wastewater by chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation processes. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 105(Supplement C), 79-90.
Duchaine, D., Cormier, Y., Gilbert, Y., Veillette, M., Lavoie, J., Mériaux, A., Touzel, C., Sasseville, D., Poulin, Y. (2012). Workers exposed to metalworking fluids: Evaluation of bioaerosol exposure and effects on respiratory and skin Health. Studies and Research Projects: Report R-745. Retrieved December 10, 2017, from http://www.irsst.qc.ca/media/documents/PubIRSST/R-745.pdf?v=2017-08-26
Lima E. (2015). Metalworking fluids foam control based on novel surfactants technology. Retrieved November 30, 2017, from http://msdssearch.dow.com/
European Chemicals Agency, E. (2010). Identification of SVHC. Retrieved July 10, 2017, from https://echa.europa.eu/
Feng, W., Yin, Y., de Lourdes Mendoza, M., Wang, L., Chen, X., Liu, Y., Cai, L., Zhang, L. (2017). Freeze-thaw method for oil recovery from waste cutting fluid without chemical additions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 148, 84-89.
Fiedler H. (2010). Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins: Production, Use and International Regulations. In: Boer J. (eds) Chlorinated paraffins. The handbook of environmental chemistry, vol 10. (pp. 1-40). New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Foltz, G. (1990). Definitions of Metalworking Fluids. In Dick, R.M. (Ed.), Waste mnimization and wastewater treatment of metalworking fluids. (pp. 2-3). Alexandria: Independent Lubrication Manufacturers Association.
Foulds, L. (2012). Cutting fluids. In Rustemeyer, T., elsner, P., John, S. M., & Maibach, H. I. (Eds.), Kanerva’s occupational dermatology. (pp. 715-725). New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Geier J., & Lessmann H. (2011). Metalworking Fluids. In: Johansen, J., Frosch, P., Lepoittevin, J.P. (Eds.), Contact Dermatitis. (pp. 681-694). New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Hesampour, M., Krzyzaniak, A., & Nyström, M. (2008). Treatment of waste water from metal working by ultrafiltration, considering the effects of operating conditions. Desalination, 222(1-3), 212-221.
Hua, F. L., Tsang, Y. F., Wang, Y. J., Chan, S. Y., Chua, H., & Sin, S. N. (2007). Performance study of ceramic microfiltration membrane for oily wastewater treatment. Chemical Engineering Journal, 128(2), 169-175.
Karsa, D. R., Donnelly, P. J., & Goode, J. M. (1991). Surfactants applications directory. (pp. 135-146). New York: Blackie and Son Ltd.
Katiyar, A., Singh, A. K., & Singh, L. K. (2014). A new efficient method for removal of metal cutting fluids from machining waste water. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research. (Special Issue), 313-318.
Klocke, F., & Kuchle, A. (2011). Manufacturing processes 1 (RWTH edition). (pp. 219-236). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.
Kobya, M., Ciftci, C., Bayramoglu, M., & Sensoy, M. T. (2008). Study on the treatment of waste metal cutting fluids using electrocoagulation. Separation and Purification Technology, 60(3), 285-291.
Koller, M. F., Pletscher, C., Scholz, S. M., & Schneuwly, P. (2016). Metal working fluid exposure and diseases in Switzerland. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 22(3), 193-200.
Kuram, E., Ozcelik, B., Bayramoglu, M., Demirbas, E., & Simsek, B. T. (2013a). Optimization of cutting fluids and cutting parameters during end milling by using D-optimal design of experiments. Journal of Cleaner Production, 42, 159-166.
Kuram, E., Ozcelik, B., & Demirbas, E. (2013b). Environmentally friendly machining: vegetable based cutting fluids. In J. P. Davim (Ed.), Green Manufacturing Processes and Systems. (pp. 23-47). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Lawal, S., Choudhury, I., & Nukman, Y. (2012). Application of vegetable oil-based metalworking fluids in machining ferrous metalsA review. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 52(1),
1-12.
Levy, B.S. (2011). Occupational and Environmental Health: Recognizing and Preventing Disease and Injury. (pp.393). USA: Oxford University Press.
Michalek, D. J., Hii, W. W., Sun, J., Gunter, K. L., & Sutherland, J. W. (2003). Experimental and analytical efforts to characterize cutting fluid mist formation and behavior in machining. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 18(11), 842-854.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2017). Metalworking fluids: safety and health best practices manual. Retrieved June 20, 2017, from https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/metalworkingfluids/
metalworkingfluids_manual.html
Oilserv. (2010). Maintenance of metal working fluid. Retrieved June 15, 2017, from http://www.oilservethai.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Id=539149449&Ntype=11 (in Thai)
Ozcelik, B., Kuram, E., Huseyin Cetin, M., & Demirbas, E. (2011). Experimental investigations of vegetable based cutting fluids with extreme pressure during turning of AISI 304L. Tribology International, 44(12),
1864-1871
Painmanakul, P., Chintateerachai, T., Lertlapwasin, S., Rojvilavan, N., Chalermsinsuwan, T., Chawaloesphonsiya, N., & Larpparisudthi, O. (2013). Treatment of cutting oily-wastewater by sono Fenton process: experimental approach and combined process. International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering, 7(12), 936-940.
Piyamongkala, K., Mekasut, L., & Pongstabodee, S. (2008). Cutting fluid effluent removal by adsorption on chitosan and sds-modified chitosan. Macromolecular Research, 16(6), 492-502. (in Thai)
Rao, D. N., Srikant, R. R., & Rao, C. S. (2007). Influence of emulsifier content on properties and durability of cutting fluids. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 29(4), 396-400.
Razali, M. N., Shahul Hamid, M. Y., & Mohd Azoddein, A. A. (2016). Recovery of mineral oil from waste emulsion using electrocoagulation method. MATEC Web of Conferences, 38, 03005p.1-03005p.7.
Sangsing, S. (2015). Cutting fluid. Retrieved July 14, 2017, from http://www.tistr.or.th/tistrblog/?p=1931 (in Thai)
Schoeman, J., & Novhe, O. (2007). Evaluation of microfiltration for the treatment of spent cutting-oil. Water SA, 33(2), 245-248.
Schwarz, M., Dado, M., Hnilica, R., & Veverková, D. (2015). Environmental and health aspects of metalworking fluid use. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 24(1), 37-45.
Shashidhara, Y. M., & Jayaram, S. R. (2010). Vegetable oils as a potential cutting fluid—An evolution. Tribology International, 43(5), 1073-1081.
Shokrani, A., Dhokia, V., & Newman, S. T. (2012). Environmentally conscious machining of difficult-to-machine materials with regard to cutting fluids. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 57,
83-101.
Simpson, A. T., Stear, M., Groves, J. A., Piney, M., Bradley, S. D., Stagg, S., & Crook, B. (2003). Occupational exposure to metalworking fluid mist and sump fluid contaminants. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 47(1), 17-30.
Skerlos, S. J., Hayes, K. F., Clarens, A. F., & Zhao, F. (2008). Current advances in sustainable metalworking fluids research. International Journal of Sustainable Manufacturing, 1(1-2), 180-202.
Sokovic, M., & Mijanovic, K. (2001). Ecological aspects of the cutting fluids and its influence on quantifiable parameters of the cutting processes. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 109(1), 181-189.
Taylor, F. W. (1907). On the Art of Cutting Metals. (pp. 31-58). New York: American society of mechanical engineers.
Thanongsak, W. (2012). Wastewater reclamation and reuse. Technology promotion, 39(225), 71-74. (in Thai)
Trafny, E. A. (2013). Microorganisms in metalworking fluids: current issues in research and management. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 26(1), 4-15.
Yamaguchi, K., Ogawa, K., Fujita, T., Kondo, Y., Sakamoto, S., Yamaguchi, M. (2017). Property and recyclability change of corrosion-inhibition-improved amine-free water-soluble cutting fluid with repeated recycling, Key Engineering Materials, 749, 65-69.
Zou, J., Zhu, H., Wang, F., Sui, H., & Fan, J. (2011). Preparation of a new inorganic–organic composite flocculant used in solid–liquid separation for waste drilling fluid. Chemical Engineering Journal, 171(1), 350-356.
Amin, M. M., Golbini Mofrad, M. M., Pourzamani, H., Sebaradar, S. M., & Ebrahim, K. (2017). Treatment of industrial wastewater contaminated with recalcitrant metal working fluids by the photo-Fenton process as post-treatment for DAF. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 45, 412-420.
Arslan, i., Balcioglu, I. A., & Bahnemann, D. W. (2000). Advanced chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse effluents by ferrioxalate-Fenton/UV-A and TiO2/UV-A processes. Dyes and Pigments, 47(3), 207-218.
Astakhov, V. P., & Joksch, S. (2012). Metalworking fuids (MWFs) for cutting and grinding: Fundamentals and recent advances. (pp. 397-401). Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.
Benedicto, E., Carou, D., & Rubio, E. M. (2017). Technical, economic and environmental review of the lubrication/cooling systems used in machining processes. Procedia Engineering, 184, 99-116.
Bensadok, K., Benammar, S., Lapicque, F., & Nezzal, G. (2008). Electrocoagulation of cutting oil emulsions using aluminium plate electrodes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152(1), 423-430.
Bratskaya, S. Y., Pestov, A. V., Yatluk, Y. G., & Avramenko, V. A. (2009). Heavy metals removal by flocculation/precipitation using N-(2-carboxyethyl)chitosans. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 339(1), 140-144.
Brinksmeier, E., Meyer, D., Huesmann-Cordes, A., & Herrmann, C. (2015). Metalworking fluids - Mechanisms and performance. CIRP Annals - Manuf Tech, 64(2), 605-628.
Byers, J. P. (2006). Metalworking Fluids, Second Edition: (pp. 105-137). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Canter, N. (2005). HLB: A new system for water-based netalworking fluids. Tribology and Lubrication Technology, 61(9), 10-12.
Cerqueira, A. A., & Marques, M. R. d. C. (2012). Electrolytic treatment of wastewater in the oil industry. In J. S. Gomes (Ed.), New Technologies in the Oil and Gas Industry (pp. Ch. 01). Rijeka: InTech.
Champreecha, W., Pranudta, A., & Piyamongkala, G. (2017). Equilibrium and batch design studies for cutting fluid adsorption onto sugarcane bagasse and modified sugarcane bagasse. Journal of King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 27(1), 1-13. (in Thai)
Chawaloesphonsiya, N., Guiraud, P., & Painmanakul, P. (2017). Analysis of cutting-oil emulsion destabilization by aluminum sulfate. Environmental Technology, 1-11.
Cheryan, M., & Rajagopalan, N. (1998). Membrane processing of oily streams. Wastewater treatment and waste reduction. Journal of Membrane Science, 151(1), 13-28.
Chipasa, K. (n.d.). Best practice guide for the disposal of water-mix metalworking fluids. Retrieved September 14, 2017, from http://www.ukla.org.uk
Debnath, S., Reddy, M. M., & Yi, Q. S. (2014). Environmental friendly cutting fluids and cooling techniques in machining: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 83, 33-47.
Demirbas, E., & Kobya, M. (2017). Operating cost and treatment of metalworking fluid wastewater by chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation processes. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 105(Supplement C), 79-90.
Duchaine, D., Cormier, Y., Gilbert, Y., Veillette, M., Lavoie, J., Mériaux, A., Touzel, C., Sasseville, D., Poulin, Y. (2012). Workers exposed to metalworking fluids: Evaluation of bioaerosol exposure and effects on respiratory and skin Health. Studies and Research Projects: Report R-745. Retrieved December 10, 2017, from http://www.irsst.qc.ca/media/documents/PubIRSST/R-745.pdf?v=2017-08-26
Lima E. (2015). Metalworking fluids foam control based on novel surfactants technology. Retrieved November 30, 2017, from http://msdssearch.dow.com/
European Chemicals Agency, E. (2010). Identification of SVHC. Retrieved July 10, 2017, from https://echa.europa.eu/
Feng, W., Yin, Y., de Lourdes Mendoza, M., Wang, L., Chen, X., Liu, Y., Cai, L., Zhang, L. (2017). Freeze-thaw method for oil recovery from waste cutting fluid without chemical additions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 148, 84-89.
Fiedler H. (2010). Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins: Production, Use and International Regulations. In: Boer J. (eds) Chlorinated paraffins. The handbook of environmental chemistry, vol 10. (pp. 1-40). New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Foltz, G. (1990). Definitions of Metalworking Fluids. In Dick, R.M. (Ed.), Waste mnimization and wastewater treatment of metalworking fluids. (pp. 2-3). Alexandria: Independent Lubrication Manufacturers Association.
Foulds, L. (2012). Cutting fluids. In Rustemeyer, T., elsner, P., John, S. M., & Maibach, H. I. (Eds.), Kanerva’s occupational dermatology. (pp. 715-725). New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Geier J., & Lessmann H. (2011). Metalworking Fluids. In: Johansen, J., Frosch, P., Lepoittevin, J.P. (Eds.), Contact Dermatitis. (pp. 681-694). New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Hesampour, M., Krzyzaniak, A., & Nyström, M. (2008). Treatment of waste water from metal working by ultrafiltration, considering the effects of operating conditions. Desalination, 222(1-3), 212-221.
Hua, F. L., Tsang, Y. F., Wang, Y. J., Chan, S. Y., Chua, H., & Sin, S. N. (2007). Performance study of ceramic microfiltration membrane for oily wastewater treatment. Chemical Engineering Journal, 128(2), 169-175.
Karsa, D. R., Donnelly, P. J., & Goode, J. M. (1991). Surfactants applications directory. (pp. 135-146). New York: Blackie and Son Ltd.
Katiyar, A., Singh, A. K., & Singh, L. K. (2014). A new efficient method for removal of metal cutting fluids from machining waste water. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research. (Special Issue), 313-318.
Klocke, F., & Kuchle, A. (2011). Manufacturing processes 1 (RWTH edition). (pp. 219-236). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.
Kobya, M., Ciftci, C., Bayramoglu, M., & Sensoy, M. T. (2008). Study on the treatment of waste metal cutting fluids using electrocoagulation. Separation and Purification Technology, 60(3), 285-291.
Koller, M. F., Pletscher, C., Scholz, S. M., & Schneuwly, P. (2016). Metal working fluid exposure and diseases in Switzerland. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 22(3), 193-200.
Kuram, E., Ozcelik, B., Bayramoglu, M., Demirbas, E., & Simsek, B. T. (2013a). Optimization of cutting fluids and cutting parameters during end milling by using D-optimal design of experiments. Journal of Cleaner Production, 42, 159-166.
Kuram, E., Ozcelik, B., & Demirbas, E. (2013b). Environmentally friendly machining: vegetable based cutting fluids. In J. P. Davim (Ed.), Green Manufacturing Processes and Systems. (pp. 23-47). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Lawal, S., Choudhury, I., & Nukman, Y. (2012). Application of vegetable oil-based metalworking fluids in machining ferrous metalsA review. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 52(1),
1-12.
Levy, B.S. (2011). Occupational and Environmental Health: Recognizing and Preventing Disease and Injury. (pp.393). USA: Oxford University Press.
Michalek, D. J., Hii, W. W., Sun, J., Gunter, K. L., & Sutherland, J. W. (2003). Experimental and analytical efforts to characterize cutting fluid mist formation and behavior in machining. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 18(11), 842-854.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2017). Metalworking fluids: safety and health best practices manual. Retrieved June 20, 2017, from https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/metalworkingfluids/
metalworkingfluids_manual.html
Oilserv. (2010). Maintenance of metal working fluid. Retrieved June 15, 2017, from http://www.oilservethai.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Id=539149449&Ntype=11 (in Thai)
Ozcelik, B., Kuram, E., Huseyin Cetin, M., & Demirbas, E. (2011). Experimental investigations of vegetable based cutting fluids with extreme pressure during turning of AISI 304L. Tribology International, 44(12),
1864-1871
Painmanakul, P., Chintateerachai, T., Lertlapwasin, S., Rojvilavan, N., Chalermsinsuwan, T., Chawaloesphonsiya, N., & Larpparisudthi, O. (2013). Treatment of cutting oily-wastewater by sono Fenton process: experimental approach and combined process. International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering, 7(12), 936-940.
Piyamongkala, K., Mekasut, L., & Pongstabodee, S. (2008). Cutting fluid effluent removal by adsorption on chitosan and sds-modified chitosan. Macromolecular Research, 16(6), 492-502. (in Thai)
Rao, D. N., Srikant, R. R., & Rao, C. S. (2007). Influence of emulsifier content on properties and durability of cutting fluids. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 29(4), 396-400.
Razali, M. N., Shahul Hamid, M. Y., & Mohd Azoddein, A. A. (2016). Recovery of mineral oil from waste emulsion using electrocoagulation method. MATEC Web of Conferences, 38, 03005p.1-03005p.7.
Sangsing, S. (2015). Cutting fluid. Retrieved July 14, 2017, from http://www.tistr.or.th/tistrblog/?p=1931 (in Thai)
Schoeman, J., & Novhe, O. (2007). Evaluation of microfiltration for the treatment of spent cutting-oil. Water SA, 33(2), 245-248.
Schwarz, M., Dado, M., Hnilica, R., & Veverková, D. (2015). Environmental and health aspects of metalworking fluid use. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 24(1), 37-45.
Shashidhara, Y. M., & Jayaram, S. R. (2010). Vegetable oils as a potential cutting fluid—An evolution. Tribology International, 43(5), 1073-1081.
Shokrani, A., Dhokia, V., & Newman, S. T. (2012). Environmentally conscious machining of difficult-to-machine materials with regard to cutting fluids. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 57,
83-101.
Simpson, A. T., Stear, M., Groves, J. A., Piney, M., Bradley, S. D., Stagg, S., & Crook, B. (2003). Occupational exposure to metalworking fluid mist and sump fluid contaminants. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 47(1), 17-30.
Skerlos, S. J., Hayes, K. F., Clarens, A. F., & Zhao, F. (2008). Current advances in sustainable metalworking fluids research. International Journal of Sustainable Manufacturing, 1(1-2), 180-202.
Sokovic, M., & Mijanovic, K. (2001). Ecological aspects of the cutting fluids and its influence on quantifiable parameters of the cutting processes. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 109(1), 181-189.
Taylor, F. W. (1907). On the Art of Cutting Metals. (pp. 31-58). New York: American society of mechanical engineers.
Thanongsak, W. (2012). Wastewater reclamation and reuse. Technology promotion, 39(225), 71-74. (in Thai)
Trafny, E. A. (2013). Microorganisms in metalworking fluids: current issues in research and management. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 26(1), 4-15.
Yamaguchi, K., Ogawa, K., Fujita, T., Kondo, Y., Sakamoto, S., Yamaguchi, M. (2017). Property and recyclability change of corrosion-inhibition-improved amine-free water-soluble cutting fluid with repeated recycling, Key Engineering Materials, 749, 65-69.
Zou, J., Zhu, H., Wang, F., Sui, H., & Fan, J. (2011). Preparation of a new inorganic–organic composite flocculant used in solid–liquid separation for waste drilling fluid. Chemical Engineering Journal, 171(1), 350-356.
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2018-01-23
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