Aromatherapy from Essential Oils
Abstract
Essential oils are plant natural products with aroma and volatility which can be extracted from parts of plants such as flower, bark, stem, leaf, root and fruit by distillation or other methods. From the past till present, essential oils have been used as part of perfumes, body and mind remedy, skin treatment, flavors or aromas for foods and beverages. Aromatherapy or a therapy with aroma from essential oils has been an alternative remedy for ailments in addition to conventional treatments with modern medicines and it has increasingly gained popularity nowadays since scientific evidence have suggested that essential oils showed bioactivities. Absorption through membrane via inhalation, topical application or ingestion helps essential oils pass into blood circulation to act upon the affected sites for alleviating pain, depression, constipation, migraine, insomnia, muscular pain, blocked respiratory system, skin ailments, or even cancers. This review will entail information on biosynthesis of essential oils in plants, extraction methods, mechanisms of essential oils, their applications in aromatherapy and also some safety concerns. Keywords : aromatherapy, bioactivity, distillation, essential oil, mechanismReferences
Aazza, S., Lyoussi, B., Megías, C., Cortés-Giraldo, I., Vioque, J., Figueiredo, A.C., & Miguel, M.G. (2014). Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities of Moroccan commercial essential oils. Natural Product Communications, 9(4), 587-594.
Akin, M., Aktumsek, A., & Nostro, A. (2010). Antibacterial activity and composition of the essential oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. and Myrtus communis L. growing in Northern Cyprus. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(4), 531-535.
Ali, B., Al-Wabel, N.A., Shams, S., Ahamad, A., Khan, S.A., & Anwar, F. (2015) Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(8), 601-611.
Andrade, E.H.A., Alves, C.N., Guimarães, E.F., Carreira, L.M.M., & Maia, J.G.S. (2011) Variability in essential oil composition of Piper dilatatum L.C. Rich. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 39(4-6), 669-675.
Baratta, M.T., Dorman, H.J.D., Dean, S.G., Brondi, D.M., & Ruberto, G. (1998). Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of laurel, sage, rosemary, oregano and coriander essential oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 10(6), 618-627.
Baser, K.H.C., & Buchbauer, G. (2010). Handbook of essential oils: Science, Technology, and Applications. Florida: CRC Press.
Battaglia, S. (2004). The complete guide to aromatherapy. Virginia: The Perfect Potion.
Bowles, E.J. (2003). The chemistry of aromatherapeutic oils. Adelaide: Griffin Press.
Buchbauer, G. (1993). Molecular interaction: biological effects and modes of action of essential oils. International. Journal of Aromatherapy, 5(1), 11-14.
Buckle, J. (2007). Literature review: should nursing take aromatherapy more seriously? British Journal of Nursing, 16(2), 116-120.
Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94(3), 223-253.
Burfield, T. (2000). Safety of essential oils. International Journal of Aromatherapy, 10(1/2), 16-29.
Calcabrini, A., Stringaro, A., Toccacieli, L., Meschini, S., Marra, M., Colone, M., Salvatore, G., Mondello, F., Arancia, G., & Molinari, A. (2004). Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil inhibits the in vitro growth of human melanoma cells. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 122(2), 349-360.
Cannas, S., Molicotti, P., Ruggeri, M., Cubeddu, M., Sanguinetti, M., Marongiu, B., & Zanetti, S. (2013). Antimycotic activity of Myrtus communis L. towards Candida spp. from clinical isolates. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 7(3), 295-298.
Carnesecchi, S., Langley, K., Exinger, F., Gosse, F., & Raul, F. (2002). Geraniol, a component of plant essential oils, sensitizes human colon cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil treatment. IARC Scientific Publications, 156, 407-409.
Celeiro, M., Guerra, E., Lamas, J.P., Lores, M., Garcia-Jares, C., & Llompart, M. (2014). Development of a multianalyte method based on micro-matrix-solid-phase dispersion for the analysis of fragrance allergens and preservatives in personal care products. Journal of Chromatography A, 1344, 1-14.
Da Porto, C., Decorti, D., & Kikic, I (2009). Flavour compounds of Lavandula angustifolia L. to use in food manufacturing: Comparison of three different extraction methods. Food Chemistry, 112(4), 1072-1078.
Daviet, L., & Schalk, M. (2010). Biotechnology in plant essential oil production: progress and perspective in metabolic engineering of the terpene pathway. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 25(3), 123-127.
Djilani, A., & Dicko, A. (2012). The therapeutic benefits of essential oils, nutrition, well-being and health. In J. Bouayed (Ed.), InTech. DOI: 10.5772/25344.
Donelian, A., Carlson, L.H.C., Lopes, T.J., & Machado, R.A.F. (2009). Comparison of extraction of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) essential oil with supercritical CO2 and by steam distillation. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 48(1), 15-20.
Dunning, T. (2013). Aromatherapy: overview, safety and quality issues. OA Alternative Medicine, 1(1), 6.
Gali-Muhtasib, H., Christo, H., & Carla, K. (2000). Traditional uses of Salvia libanotica (East Mediterranean Sage) and the effects of its essential oils. Journal of Ethnopharmacol, 71(3), 513-520.
Gupta, V., Mittal, P., Bansal, P., Khokra, S.L., & Kaushik, D. (2010). Pharmacological potential of Matricaria recutita. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 2(1), 12-16.
Henley, D.V., Lipson, N., Korach, K.S., & Bloch, C.A. (2007). Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. New England Journal of Medicine, 356(5), 479-485.
Hunter, M. (2009). Essential oils: art, agriculture, science, industry and entrepreneurship. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Jimbo, D., Kimura, Y., Taniguchi, M., Inoue, M., & Urakami, K. (2009). Effect of aromatherapy on patients with Alzheimer's disease. Psychogeriatrics, 9(4), 173-179.
Karbach, J., Ebenezer, S., Warnke, P.H., Behrens, E., & Al-Nawas, B. (2015). Antimicrobial effect of Australian antibacterial essential oils as alternative to common antiseptic solutions against clinically relevant oral pathogens. Clinical Laboratory, 61(1–2), 61-68.
Kohlert, C., Schindler, G., Marz, R.W., Abel, G., Brinkhaus, B., Derendorf, H., Grafe, E.U., & Veit, M. (2002). Systemic availability and pharmacokinetics of thymol in humans. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 42(7), 731-737.
Kohlert, C., van Rensen I., Marz, R., Schindler, G., Graefe, E.U., & Veit, M. (2000). Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of natural volatile terpenes in animals and humans. Planta Medica, 66(6), 495-505.
Krishna, A., Tiwari, R., & Kumar, S. (2000). Aromatherapy-an alternative health care through essential oils. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science, 22(1B), 798-804.
Lai, T.K., Cheung, M.C., Lo, C.K., Ng, K.L., Fung, Y.H., Tong, M., & Yau, C.C. (2011). Effectiveness of aroma massage on advanced cancer patients with constipation: a pilot study. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 17(1), 37-43.
Lange, B.M., Rujan, T., Martin, W., & Croteau, R. (2000). Isoprenoid biosynthesis: The evolution of two ancient and distinct pathways across genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(24), 13172-13177.
Liolios, C.C., Graikou, K., Skaltsa, E., & Chinou, I. (2010). Dittany of Crete: A botanical and ethnopharmacological. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 131(2), 229-241.
Martín, A., Varona, S., Navarrete, A., & Cocero, M.J. (2010). Encapsulation and co-precipitation processes with supercritical fluids: applications with essential oils. Open Chemical Engineering Journal, 4, 31-41.
Medliny Domowe. (2017). Essential oils. Retrieved October 1, 2017, from http://www.meatsandsausages.com/alcohol/equipment/essential-oils
Michelle. (2017). Which essential oils brand is best?. Retrieved November 25, 2017, from http://shessonatural.com/which-essential-oils-brand-is-best/)
Miguel, M.G. (2010). Antioxidant and anti-Inflammatory activities of essential oils: A short review. Molecules, 15, 9252-9287.
Moss, M., Cook, J., Wesnes, K., & Duckett, P. (2003). Aromasof rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. International Journal of Neuroscience, 113(1), 15-38.
Murbach Teles Andrade, B.F., Conti, B.J., Santiago, K.B., Fernandes Júnior, A., & Sforcin J.M. (2014) Cymbopogon martinii essential oil and geraniol at noncytotoxic concentrations exerted immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory effects in human monocytes. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 66(10), 1491-1496.
Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., Martino, L.D., Coppola, R., & Feo, V.D. (2013). Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharmaceuticals, 6(12), 1451-1474.
Osborn, D.K. (2007). Aromatherapy. Retrieved November 24, 2017, from http://www.greekmedicine.net/therapies/Aromatherapy.html
Oyedeji, A.O., Afolayan, A.J., & Hutchings, A. (2009). Compositional variation of the essential oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. from three provinces in South Africa–a case study of its safety. Natural Product Communications, 4(6), 849-852.
Perry, N., & Perry, E. (2006). Aromatherapy in the management of psychiatric disorders clinical and neuropharmacological perspectives. CNS Drugs, 20(4), 257-280.
Price, S., & Price, L. (2011). Aromatherapy for health professionals. New York: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
Rohmer, M., Seemann, M., Horbach, S., Bringer-Meyer, S., & Sahm, H. (1996). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate as precursors of isoprenic units in an alternative non-mevalonate pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 118(11), 2564-2566.
Saad, B., & Said, O. (2011). Herbal medicine. In Greco-Arab and Islamic herbal medicine: traditional system, ethics, safety, efficacy and regulatory issues. (pp. 47-71). Wiley-Blackwell/Wiley.
Sen, S., & Yalcin, M. (2010). Activity of commercial still waters from volatile oils production against wood decay fungi. Maderas Cienciıa y Tecnologia, 12(2), 127-133.
Sinsrichai, P. (2002). Production of herbs and spices. Department of Agricultural Extension (in Thai).
Skold, M., Karlberg, A.T., Matura, M., & Borje, A. (2006). The fragrance chemical beta-caryophyllene-air oxidation and skin sensitization. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44(4), 538-545.
Skold, M., Hagvall, L., & Karlberg, A.T. (2008). Autoxidation of linalyl acetate, the main compound of lavender oil, creates potent contact allergens. Contact Dermatitis, 58(1), 9-14.
Smith, C.A., Collins, C.T., & Crowther, C.A. (2011). Aromatherapy for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009215.
Steven, B.K. (2010). Traditional Medicine: A global perspective. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
The Redolent Center. (2017). Keeping your immune system strong with essential oils. Retrieved October 1, 2017, from http://theredolentcenter.com
Thormar, H. (2011). Chemistry and bioactivity of essential oils: Lipids and essential oils as antimicrobial agents. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Tisserand, R., & Balacs, T. (1995). Essential oil safety: a guide for health professionals. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Varney, E., & Buckle, J. (2013). Effect of inhaled essential oils on mental exhaustion and moderate burnout: a small pilot study. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 19(1), 69-71.
Wildwood, C. (1996). The encyclopedia of aromatherapy. Rochester: Healing Arts Press.
Worwood, V.A. (2000). Aromatherapy for the healthy child: more than 300 natural, non-toxic, and fragrant essential oil blends. Novato: New World Library.
Zuzarte, M., & Salqueiro, L. (2015). Essential oils chemistry. In de Sousa D. (Eds), Bioactive essential oils and cancer. (pp. 19-61). Cham: Springer.
Akin, M., Aktumsek, A., & Nostro, A. (2010). Antibacterial activity and composition of the essential oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. and Myrtus communis L. growing in Northern Cyprus. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(4), 531-535.
Ali, B., Al-Wabel, N.A., Shams, S., Ahamad, A., Khan, S.A., & Anwar, F. (2015) Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(8), 601-611.
Andrade, E.H.A., Alves, C.N., Guimarães, E.F., Carreira, L.M.M., & Maia, J.G.S. (2011) Variability in essential oil composition of Piper dilatatum L.C. Rich. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 39(4-6), 669-675.
Baratta, M.T., Dorman, H.J.D., Dean, S.G., Brondi, D.M., & Ruberto, G. (1998). Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of laurel, sage, rosemary, oregano and coriander essential oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 10(6), 618-627.
Baser, K.H.C., & Buchbauer, G. (2010). Handbook of essential oils: Science, Technology, and Applications. Florida: CRC Press.
Battaglia, S. (2004). The complete guide to aromatherapy. Virginia: The Perfect Potion.
Bowles, E.J. (2003). The chemistry of aromatherapeutic oils. Adelaide: Griffin Press.
Buchbauer, G. (1993). Molecular interaction: biological effects and modes of action of essential oils. International. Journal of Aromatherapy, 5(1), 11-14.
Buckle, J. (2007). Literature review: should nursing take aromatherapy more seriously? British Journal of Nursing, 16(2), 116-120.
Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94(3), 223-253.
Burfield, T. (2000). Safety of essential oils. International Journal of Aromatherapy, 10(1/2), 16-29.
Calcabrini, A., Stringaro, A., Toccacieli, L., Meschini, S., Marra, M., Colone, M., Salvatore, G., Mondello, F., Arancia, G., & Molinari, A. (2004). Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil inhibits the in vitro growth of human melanoma cells. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 122(2), 349-360.
Cannas, S., Molicotti, P., Ruggeri, M., Cubeddu, M., Sanguinetti, M., Marongiu, B., & Zanetti, S. (2013). Antimycotic activity of Myrtus communis L. towards Candida spp. from clinical isolates. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 7(3), 295-298.
Carnesecchi, S., Langley, K., Exinger, F., Gosse, F., & Raul, F. (2002). Geraniol, a component of plant essential oils, sensitizes human colon cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil treatment. IARC Scientific Publications, 156, 407-409.
Celeiro, M., Guerra, E., Lamas, J.P., Lores, M., Garcia-Jares, C., & Llompart, M. (2014). Development of a multianalyte method based on micro-matrix-solid-phase dispersion for the analysis of fragrance allergens and preservatives in personal care products. Journal of Chromatography A, 1344, 1-14.
Da Porto, C., Decorti, D., & Kikic, I (2009). Flavour compounds of Lavandula angustifolia L. to use in food manufacturing: Comparison of three different extraction methods. Food Chemistry, 112(4), 1072-1078.
Daviet, L., & Schalk, M. (2010). Biotechnology in plant essential oil production: progress and perspective in metabolic engineering of the terpene pathway. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 25(3), 123-127.
Djilani, A., & Dicko, A. (2012). The therapeutic benefits of essential oils, nutrition, well-being and health. In J. Bouayed (Ed.), InTech. DOI: 10.5772/25344.
Donelian, A., Carlson, L.H.C., Lopes, T.J., & Machado, R.A.F. (2009). Comparison of extraction of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) essential oil with supercritical CO2 and by steam distillation. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 48(1), 15-20.
Dunning, T. (2013). Aromatherapy: overview, safety and quality issues. OA Alternative Medicine, 1(1), 6.
Gali-Muhtasib, H., Christo, H., & Carla, K. (2000). Traditional uses of Salvia libanotica (East Mediterranean Sage) and the effects of its essential oils. Journal of Ethnopharmacol, 71(3), 513-520.
Gupta, V., Mittal, P., Bansal, P., Khokra, S.L., & Kaushik, D. (2010). Pharmacological potential of Matricaria recutita. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 2(1), 12-16.
Henley, D.V., Lipson, N., Korach, K.S., & Bloch, C.A. (2007). Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. New England Journal of Medicine, 356(5), 479-485.
Hunter, M. (2009). Essential oils: art, agriculture, science, industry and entrepreneurship. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Jimbo, D., Kimura, Y., Taniguchi, M., Inoue, M., & Urakami, K. (2009). Effect of aromatherapy on patients with Alzheimer's disease. Psychogeriatrics, 9(4), 173-179.
Karbach, J., Ebenezer, S., Warnke, P.H., Behrens, E., & Al-Nawas, B. (2015). Antimicrobial effect of Australian antibacterial essential oils as alternative to common antiseptic solutions against clinically relevant oral pathogens. Clinical Laboratory, 61(1–2), 61-68.
Kohlert, C., Schindler, G., Marz, R.W., Abel, G., Brinkhaus, B., Derendorf, H., Grafe, E.U., & Veit, M. (2002). Systemic availability and pharmacokinetics of thymol in humans. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 42(7), 731-737.
Kohlert, C., van Rensen I., Marz, R., Schindler, G., Graefe, E.U., & Veit, M. (2000). Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of natural volatile terpenes in animals and humans. Planta Medica, 66(6), 495-505.
Krishna, A., Tiwari, R., & Kumar, S. (2000). Aromatherapy-an alternative health care through essential oils. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science, 22(1B), 798-804.
Lai, T.K., Cheung, M.C., Lo, C.K., Ng, K.L., Fung, Y.H., Tong, M., & Yau, C.C. (2011). Effectiveness of aroma massage on advanced cancer patients with constipation: a pilot study. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 17(1), 37-43.
Lange, B.M., Rujan, T., Martin, W., & Croteau, R. (2000). Isoprenoid biosynthesis: The evolution of two ancient and distinct pathways across genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(24), 13172-13177.
Liolios, C.C., Graikou, K., Skaltsa, E., & Chinou, I. (2010). Dittany of Crete: A botanical and ethnopharmacological. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 131(2), 229-241.
Martín, A., Varona, S., Navarrete, A., & Cocero, M.J. (2010). Encapsulation and co-precipitation processes with supercritical fluids: applications with essential oils. Open Chemical Engineering Journal, 4, 31-41.
Medliny Domowe. (2017). Essential oils. Retrieved October 1, 2017, from http://www.meatsandsausages.com/alcohol/equipment/essential-oils
Michelle. (2017). Which essential oils brand is best?. Retrieved November 25, 2017, from http://shessonatural.com/which-essential-oils-brand-is-best/)
Miguel, M.G. (2010). Antioxidant and anti-Inflammatory activities of essential oils: A short review. Molecules, 15, 9252-9287.
Moss, M., Cook, J., Wesnes, K., & Duckett, P. (2003). Aromasof rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. International Journal of Neuroscience, 113(1), 15-38.
Murbach Teles Andrade, B.F., Conti, B.J., Santiago, K.B., Fernandes Júnior, A., & Sforcin J.M. (2014) Cymbopogon martinii essential oil and geraniol at noncytotoxic concentrations exerted immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory effects in human monocytes. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 66(10), 1491-1496.
Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., Martino, L.D., Coppola, R., & Feo, V.D. (2013). Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharmaceuticals, 6(12), 1451-1474.
Osborn, D.K. (2007). Aromatherapy. Retrieved November 24, 2017, from http://www.greekmedicine.net/therapies/Aromatherapy.html
Oyedeji, A.O., Afolayan, A.J., & Hutchings, A. (2009). Compositional variation of the essential oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. from three provinces in South Africa–a case study of its safety. Natural Product Communications, 4(6), 849-852.
Perry, N., & Perry, E. (2006). Aromatherapy in the management of psychiatric disorders clinical and neuropharmacological perspectives. CNS Drugs, 20(4), 257-280.
Price, S., & Price, L. (2011). Aromatherapy for health professionals. New York: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
Rohmer, M., Seemann, M., Horbach, S., Bringer-Meyer, S., & Sahm, H. (1996). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate as precursors of isoprenic units in an alternative non-mevalonate pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 118(11), 2564-2566.
Saad, B., & Said, O. (2011). Herbal medicine. In Greco-Arab and Islamic herbal medicine: traditional system, ethics, safety, efficacy and regulatory issues. (pp. 47-71). Wiley-Blackwell/Wiley.
Sen, S., & Yalcin, M. (2010). Activity of commercial still waters from volatile oils production against wood decay fungi. Maderas Cienciıa y Tecnologia, 12(2), 127-133.
Sinsrichai, P. (2002). Production of herbs and spices. Department of Agricultural Extension (in Thai).
Skold, M., Karlberg, A.T., Matura, M., & Borje, A. (2006). The fragrance chemical beta-caryophyllene-air oxidation and skin sensitization. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44(4), 538-545.
Skold, M., Hagvall, L., & Karlberg, A.T. (2008). Autoxidation of linalyl acetate, the main compound of lavender oil, creates potent contact allergens. Contact Dermatitis, 58(1), 9-14.
Smith, C.A., Collins, C.T., & Crowther, C.A. (2011). Aromatherapy for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009215.
Steven, B.K. (2010). Traditional Medicine: A global perspective. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
The Redolent Center. (2017). Keeping your immune system strong with essential oils. Retrieved October 1, 2017, from http://theredolentcenter.com
Thormar, H. (2011). Chemistry and bioactivity of essential oils: Lipids and essential oils as antimicrobial agents. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Tisserand, R., & Balacs, T. (1995). Essential oil safety: a guide for health professionals. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Varney, E., & Buckle, J. (2013). Effect of inhaled essential oils on mental exhaustion and moderate burnout: a small pilot study. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 19(1), 69-71.
Wildwood, C. (1996). The encyclopedia of aromatherapy. Rochester: Healing Arts Press.
Worwood, V.A. (2000). Aromatherapy for the healthy child: more than 300 natural, non-toxic, and fragrant essential oil blends. Novato: New World Library.
Zuzarte, M., & Salqueiro, L. (2015). Essential oils chemistry. In de Sousa D. (Eds), Bioactive essential oils and cancer. (pp. 19-61). Cham: Springer.
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2018-01-05
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