Effect of Latitude on Morphological variation of Glyphoglossus molossus in Thailand and Lao People's Democratic Republic
Abstract
Glyphoglossus molossus Günther, 1868 from 12 areas of the northern, northeastern and central of Thailand as well as Vientiane, the capital of Lao People's Democratic Republic, totally 185 samples, and were collected during April to August 2016 from their natural habitats. All samples were measured six morphological characters and tested by non-parametric statistics and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in order to investigate whether the geographical variation related to morphological characters of G. molossus. The results show that morphological variation of Thai G. molossus related to the changing of latitude degree. G. molossus from different latitude exhibit statistically significant difference (p <0.05) in Head and Tibia lengths. In addition, Principal component analysis (PCA) of G. molossus’s morphology also indicated that G. molossus can be separated along the latitudinal line. Keywords : Glyphoglossus molossus, latitude, morphology variation, Thailand, LaoReferences
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Ryser, J. (1996). Comparative life histories of a low- and highelevation population of the common frog, Rana temporaria. Amphibia–Reptilia, 17, 183–195.
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Andres, V.S., Andrew, A.C. & Claudio, S.A. (2015). Geographic body size variation in ectotherms: effects of seasonality on an anuran from the southern temperate forest. Frontiers in Zoology, 12,37 DOI 10.1186/s12983-015-0132-y.
Ashton, K.G. (2001). Body size variation among mainland populations of the Western Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis). Evolution, 55, 2523–33.
Ashton, K.G. & Feldmann, C.R. (2003). Bergmann’s rule in nonavian reptiles: turtles follow it, lizards and snakes reverse it. Evolution, 57, 1151–63.
Bergmann, C.(1847). Über die Verhältnisse der Wärmeökonomie der Thiere zu ihrer Grösse. Göttinger Studien., 3 (1), 595–708. (in German)
Brown, M.B. & Forsythe, A.B. (1974). Robust tests for the equality of variances. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 69, 364–367.
Chuaynkern, Y. & Chuaynkern, C. (2012). Checklist of reptiles in Thailand. Journal of Wildlife in Thailand, 19(1), 75–162. (in Thai)
Degani, G., Goldberg, T., Gasith, A., Elron, E. & Nevo, E. (2013). DNA variations of the green toad Pseudepidalea viridis (syn. Bufo viridis) from various habitats, Zoological Studies, 52,18
Dunnett C. W. (1955). A multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 50,1096–1121.
Emel, S.L. & Storfer, A. (2012). A decade of amphibian population genetic studies: synthesisand recommendations. Conservation Genetics, 13( 6), 1685–1689.
Feng, X., Chen, W., Hu, J., & Jiang, J. (2015). Variation and Sexual Dimorphism of Body Size in the Plateau Brown Frog along an Altitudinal Gradient. Asian Herpetological Research, 6(4), 291–297.
Khonsue, W. & Thirakhupt, K. (2001). A Checklist of the Amphibians in Thailand. The Natural History Journal, Chulalongkorn University, 1(1), 69-82.
Kongjaroen, W. & Nabhitabhata, J. (2007). Species diversity and altitudinal distribution of the amphibians along Lam Ta Klong stream area in Khao Yai National Park. Journal of Wildlife in Thailand, 14(1), 113-128. (in Thai)
Laojumpon, C., Suteethorn, S. & Lauprasert, K. (2012). Morphological Variation of Truncate-Snouted Burrowing Frog (Glyphoglossus molossus) of Thailand. The Proceedings of the 4th Science Research Conference, Naresuan University, Thailand, (March 12-13, 2012), 56-61.
Leary, C.J., Fox, D.J., Shepard, D.B. & Garcia, A.M. (2005). Body size, age, growth and alternative mating tactics in toads: satellite males are smaller but not younger than calling males. Animal Behaviour,
70, 663–671.
Levene, H. (1960). “Robust tests for equality of variances”. Contributions to Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of Harold Hotelling. Stanford University Press, 278–292.
Liao, W.B., Zhou, C.Q., Yang, Z.S., Hu, J.C. & Lu, Z. (2010). Age, size and growth in two populations of the darkspotted frog Rana nigromaculata at different altitudes in southwestern China. Herpetological Journal, 20, 77-82.
Liedtke, H.C. (2011). Bioacoustic and morphometric account of Albertine Rift litter frog, Artholeptis schubotzi (Amphibia: Anura), Maiditsch&Ng'wava. Tropical Biology Association.
Nakvijit, P. (2010). Breeding of the Blunt - headed Burrowing Frog (Glyphoglossus molossu Gunther, 1869). Lamphun Inland Fishreies Research and Development Center, 53–0529–53036. (in Thai)
Phillimorea, A.B., Hadfieldb, J.D., Jonesc, O.R., & Smithersd, R.J. (2012) Differences in spawning date between populations of common frog reveal local adaptation. PNAS, 107-18.
Ryser, J. (1996). Comparative life histories of a low- and highelevation population of the common frog, Rana temporaria. Amphibia–Reptilia, 17, 183–195.
Thai Meteorological Department. (2016). Summary of Thailand's climate Retrieved. April, 12, 2017, from https://www.tmd.go.th/climate/climate.php?FileID=5. (in Thai)
Tryjanowski, P., Sparks, T., Rybacki, M. & Berger, L. (2006). Is body size of the water frog Rana esculentacomplex responding to climate change? Naturwissenschaften, 93, 110–113.
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2017-07-12
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บทความวิจัยจากการประชุมวิชาการระดับชาติ"วิทยาศาสตร์วิจัย"ครั้งที่ 9
