Review of Paleoclimatic Reconstruction in Thailand Between the Last Glacial Maximum and the Mid Holocene
Abstract
Thailand has been considered to be located at the strategically important location for studying of the Asian monsoon variability. The reconstructed climatic conditions based on proxies in the lake sediments were here assembled. These data were subsequently synthesized in order to insight into the past climate variability in this key area between the last glacial maximum (LGM) and the mid Holocene (23,000–4,000 year before present or BP). Despites cool and dry conditions can be derived from the proxies in the sediment obtained from the north and northeast Thailand, the relatively warm and wet conditions can be reconstructed in the south during the LGM. The cool temperature and low precipitation prevail in the northeastern part of Thailand through the deglaciation (19,000–12,900 year BP). However, the north and south climatic conditions during this time interval cannot be reconstructed since the sediment cores derived from these area potentially containing unconformities. The northeast Thailand climate transfers to the wet conditions from the Younger Dryas to the mid Holocene (12,900–5,000 year BP). Although the onset of high precipitation cannot be defined in the records obtained from the south due to the hiatus in the sediment core. The wet conditions in the south cover entire the early Holocene (11,700–8,000 year BP) and terminate in the mid Holocene (8,000–4,000 year BP). Keywords : proxy, year before present, the last glacial maximum, the Younger Dryas, the HoloceneReferences
Alley, R.B., Mayewski, P.A., Sowers, T., Stuiver, M., Taylor, K.C., & Clark, P.U. (1997). Holocene climatic instability: A prominent, widespread event 8200 yr ago. Geology, 25, 483-486.
Björck, S. (2013). Paleoclimate Reconstruction | Younger Dryas oscillation, Global Evidence. In: Elias, S.A., & Mock, C.J. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science (Second Edition) (pp. 222-228). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Bond, G., Heinrich, H., Broecker, W., Labeyrie, L., McManus, J., Andrews, J., Huon, S., Jantschik, R., Clasen, S., Simet, C., Tedesco, K., Klas, M., Bonani, G., & Ivy, S. (1992). Evidence for massive discharges of icebergs into the North Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial period. Nature, 245-249.
Buckley, B.M., Fletcher, R., Wang, S.-Y.S., Zottoli, B., & Pottier, C. (2014). Monsoon extremes and society over the past millennium on mainland Southeast Asia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 95, 1-19.
Carlson, A.E. (2013). Paleoclimate | The Younger Dryas climate event. In: Elias, S.A., & Mock, C.J. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science (Second Edition) (pp. 126-134). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Chabangborn, A. (submitted). Paleoclimatic assessment based on palynological and organic geochemical proxies in lake sediments in Thailand. Burapha Science Journal.
Chabangborn, A., Brandefelt, J., & Wohlfarth, B. (2014). Asian monsoon climate during the Last Glacial Maximum: palaeo-data–model comparisons. Boreas, 43, 220-242.
Chabangborn, A., & Wohlfarth, B. (2014). Climate over mainland Southeast Asia 10.5–5 ka. Journal of Quaternary Science, 29, 445-454.
Chawchai, S., Chabangborn, A., Kylander, M., Löwemark, L., Mörth, C.M., Blaauw, M., Klubseang, W., Reimer, P.J., Fritz, S.C., & Wohlfarth, B. (2013). Lake Kumphawapi – an archive of Holocene palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic changes in northeast Thailand. Quaternary Science Reviews, 68, 59-75.
Clark, P.U., Dyke, A.S., Shakun, J.D., Carlson, A.E., Clark, J., Wohlfarth, B., Mitrovica, J.X., Hostetler, S.W., & McCabe, A.M. (2009). The Last Glacial Maximum. Science, 325, 710-714.
Cook, C.G., & Jones, R.T. (2012). Palaeoclimate dynamics in continental Southeast Asia over the last ~ 30,000 Cal yrs BP. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 339–341, 1-11.
Cosford, J., Qing, H., Lin, Y., Eglington, B., Mattey, D., Chen, Y.G., Zhang, M., & Cheng, H. (2010). The East Asian monsoon during MIS 2 expressed in a speleothem 18O record from Jintanwan Cave, Hunan, China. Quaternary Research, 73, 541-549.
Dykoski, C.A., Edwards, R.L., Cheng, H., Yuan, D., Cai, Y., Zhang, M., Lin, Y., Qing, J., An, Z., & Revenaugh, J. (2005). A high-resolution, absolute-dated Holocene and deglacial Asian monsoon record from Dongge Cave, China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters ,233, 71-86.
EPICA community members. (2006). One-to-one coupling of glacial climate variability in Greenland and Antarctica. Nature, 444, 195-198.
Fleitmann, D., Burns, S.J., Pekala, M., Mangini, A., Al-Subbary, A., Al-Aowah, M., Kramers, J., & Matter, A. (2011). Holocene and Pleistocene pluvial periods in Yemen, southern Arabia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30, 783-787.
Hanebuth, T.J.J., Voris, H.K., Yokoyama, Y., Saito, Y., & Okuno, J.I. (2011). Formation and fate of sedimentary depocentres on Southeast Asia's Sunda Shelf over the past sea-level cycle and biogeographic implications. Earth-Science Reviews, 104, 92-110.
Hastings, P., & Liengsakul, M. (1983). Chronology of the late Quaternary climatic changes in Thailand, in: Thiramongkol, N., & Pisutha-Arnond, V. (Eds.), Proceeding of the First Symposium on geomorphology and Quaternary geology of Thailand (pp. 13-25), Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
Heinrich, H. (1988). Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130,000 years. Quaternary Research, 29, 142-152.
Higham, C.F.W. (2015). Debating a great site: Ban Non Wat and the wider prehistory of Southeast Asia. Antiquity, 89, 1211–1220.
Higham, C., Higham, T., Ciarla, R., Douka, K., Kijngam, A., & Rispoli, F. (2011). The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia. Journal of World Prehistory, 24, 227-274.
Hodell, D.A., Brenner, M., Kanfoush, S.L., Curtis, J.H., Stoner, J.S., Xueliang, S., Yuan, W., & Whitmore, T.J. (1999). Paleoclimate of Southwestern China for the Past 50,000 yr Inferred from Lake Sediment Records. Quaternary Research, 52, 369-380.
Hoek, W.Z. (2009). “Bølling-Allerød Interstadial.” In: Gornitz, V. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments (pp. 100-103). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Huang, C-Y., Liew, P-M., Zhao, M., Chang, T-C., Kuo, C-M., Chen, M-T., Wang, C-H., & Zheng, L-F. (1997). Deep sea and lake records of the Southeast Asian paleomonsoons for the last 25 thousand years. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 146, 59-72.
Kealhofer, L., & Penny, D. (1998). A combined pollen and phytolith record for fourteen thousand years of vegetation change in northeastern Thailand. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 103, 83-93.
Maloney, B.K. (1995). Evidence for the Younger Dryas climatic event in Southeast Asia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 14, 949-958.
Maloney, B.K. (1996). A 10,600 year pollen record from Nong Thale Song Hong, Trang Province, South Thailand. Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin, 18, 129-137.
Maloney, B.K. & McAlister, J.J. (1990). Khok Phanom Di, central Thailand: chemical analysis of pollen core KL 2 and AMS radiocarbon dates from cores KL 2 and BMR 2. Geoarchaeology, 5, 375–382.
Matsumoto, J. (1997). Seasonal transition of summer rainy season over indochina and adjacent monsoon region. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 14, 231-245.
Mingram, J., Schettler, G., Nowaczyk, N., Luo, X., Lu, H., Liu, J., & Negendank, J.F.W. (2004). The Huguang maar lake—a high-resolution record of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic changes over the last 78,000 years from South China. Quaternary International, 122, 85-107.
Morrill, C., & Jacobsen, R.M. (2005). How widespread were climate anomalies 8200 years ago? Geophysical Research Letters, 32, 1-4.
Muscheler, R., Kromer, B., Bjorck, S., Svensson, A., Friedrich, M., Kaiser, K.F., & Southon, J. (2008). Tree rings and ice cores reveal 14C calibration uncertainties during the Younger Dryas. Nature Geosciences, 1, 263-267.
NGRIP members (2004). High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period. Nature, 431, 147-151.
Nimnate, P., Chutakositkanon, V., Choowong, M., Pailoplee, S., & Phantuwongraj, S. (2015). Evidence of Holocene sea level regression from Chumphon coast of the Gulf of Thailand. ScienceAsia, 41, 55-63.
Partin, J.W., Cobb, K.M., Adkins, J.F., Clark, B., & Fernandez, D.P. (2007). Millennial-scale trends in west Pacific warm pool hydrology since the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature, 449, 452-455.
Pausata, F.S.R., Battisti, D.S., Nisancioglu, K.H., & Bitz, C.M. (2011). Chinese stalagmite 18O controlled by changes in the Indian monsoon during a simulated Heinrich event. Nature Geosciences, 4, 474-480.
Penny, D. (2001). A 40,000 year palynological record from north-east Thailand; implications for biogeography and palaeo-environmental reconstruction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 171, 97-128.
Penny, D., & Kealhofer, L. (2005). Microfossil evidence of land-use intensification in north Thailand. Journal of Archaeological Science, 32, 69-82.
Pramojanee, P., & Hastings, P.J. (1983). Geomorphological and palynology investigation of sea level changes in Chantaburi, SE Thailand, in: Thiramongkol, N., Pisutha-Arnond, V. (Eds.), Proceeding of the First Symposium on geomorphology and Quaternary geology of Thailand (pp. 35-51), Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
Reimer, P., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J., Blackwell, P., Bronk Ramsey, C., Buck, C., Cheng, H., Edwards, R., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P., Guilderson, T., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., Hatté, C., Heaton, T., Hoffmann, D., Hogg, A., Hughen, K., Kaiser, K., Kromer, B., Manning, S., Niu, M., Reimer, R., Richards, D., Scott, E., Southon, J., Staff, R., Turney, C., & van der Plicht, J. (2013). IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP. Radiocarbon, 55, 1869-1887.
Somboon, J.R.P. (1988). Paleontological study of the recent marine sediments in the lower central plain, Thailand. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 2, 201-210.
Steig, E.J. (1999). Mid-Holocene Climate Change. Science, 286, 1485-1487.
Thai Meteorological Department (2011). Climate of Thailand. Bangkok. Retrive August 19, 2016, from www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf.
Voris, H.K. (2000). Maps of Pleistocene sea levels in Southeast Asia: shorelines, river systems and time durations. Journal of Biogeography, 27, 1153-1167.
Wang, Y.J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., An, Z.S., Wu, J.Y., Shen, C.C., & Dorale, J.A. (2001). A High-Resolution Absolute-Dated Late Pleistocene Monsoon Record from Hulu Cave, China. Science, 294, 2345-2348.
Walker, M.J.C., Berkelhammer, M., Björck, S., Cwynar, L.C., Fisher, D.A., Long, A.J., Lowe, J.J., Newnham, R.M., Rasmussen, S.O., & Weiss, H. (2012). Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch: a Discussion Paper by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice-core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy). Journal of Quaternary Science, 27, 649-659.
Wang, B., Clemens, S.C., & Liu, P. (2003). Contrasting the Indian and East Asian monsoons: implications on geologic timescales. Marine Geology, 201, 5-21.
Wang, H., Hong, Y., Lin, Q., Hong, B., Zhu, Y., Wang, Y., & Xu, H. (2010). Response of humification degree to monsoon climate during the Holocene from the Hongyuan peat bog, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 286, 171-177.
Wang, P., Clemens, S., Beaufort, L., Braconnot, P., Ganssen, G., Jian, Z., Kershaw, P., & Sarnthein, M. (2005). Evolution and variability of the Asian monsoon system: state of the art and outstanding issues. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 595-629.
Werner, W.L. (1997). Pines and other conifers in Thailand – a Quaternary relic? Journal of Quaternary Science, 12, 451-454.
White, J.C., Penny, D., Kealhofer, L., & Maloney, B. (2004). Vegetation changes from the late Pleistocene through the Holocene from three areas of archaeological significance in Thailand. Quaternary International, 113, 111-132.
Wohlfarth, B., Higham, C., Yamoah, K.A., Chabangborn, A., Chawchai, S., & Smittenberg, R.H. (2016). Human adaptation to mid- to late-Holocene climate change in Northeast Thailand. The Holocene, 1-12.
Wohlfarth, B., Klubseang, W., Inthongkaew, S., Fritz, S.C., Blaauw, M., Reimer, P.J., Chabangborn, A., Löwemark, L., & Chawchai, S. (2012). Holocene environmental changes in northeast Thailand as reconstructed from a
Björck, S. (2013). Paleoclimate Reconstruction | Younger Dryas oscillation, Global Evidence. In: Elias, S.A., & Mock, C.J. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science (Second Edition) (pp. 222-228). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Bond, G., Heinrich, H., Broecker, W., Labeyrie, L., McManus, J., Andrews, J., Huon, S., Jantschik, R., Clasen, S., Simet, C., Tedesco, K., Klas, M., Bonani, G., & Ivy, S. (1992). Evidence for massive discharges of icebergs into the North Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial period. Nature, 245-249.
Buckley, B.M., Fletcher, R., Wang, S.-Y.S., Zottoli, B., & Pottier, C. (2014). Monsoon extremes and society over the past millennium on mainland Southeast Asia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 95, 1-19.
Carlson, A.E. (2013). Paleoclimate | The Younger Dryas climate event. In: Elias, S.A., & Mock, C.J. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science (Second Edition) (pp. 126-134). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Chabangborn, A. (submitted). Paleoclimatic assessment based on palynological and organic geochemical proxies in lake sediments in Thailand. Burapha Science Journal.
Chabangborn, A., Brandefelt, J., & Wohlfarth, B. (2014). Asian monsoon climate during the Last Glacial Maximum: palaeo-data–model comparisons. Boreas, 43, 220-242.
Chabangborn, A., & Wohlfarth, B. (2014). Climate over mainland Southeast Asia 10.5–5 ka. Journal of Quaternary Science, 29, 445-454.
Chawchai, S., Chabangborn, A., Kylander, M., Löwemark, L., Mörth, C.M., Blaauw, M., Klubseang, W., Reimer, P.J., Fritz, S.C., & Wohlfarth, B. (2013). Lake Kumphawapi – an archive of Holocene palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic changes in northeast Thailand. Quaternary Science Reviews, 68, 59-75.
Clark, P.U., Dyke, A.S., Shakun, J.D., Carlson, A.E., Clark, J., Wohlfarth, B., Mitrovica, J.X., Hostetler, S.W., & McCabe, A.M. (2009). The Last Glacial Maximum. Science, 325, 710-714.
Cook, C.G., & Jones, R.T. (2012). Palaeoclimate dynamics in continental Southeast Asia over the last ~ 30,000 Cal yrs BP. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 339–341, 1-11.
Cosford, J., Qing, H., Lin, Y., Eglington, B., Mattey, D., Chen, Y.G., Zhang, M., & Cheng, H. (2010). The East Asian monsoon during MIS 2 expressed in a speleothem 18O record from Jintanwan Cave, Hunan, China. Quaternary Research, 73, 541-549.
Dykoski, C.A., Edwards, R.L., Cheng, H., Yuan, D., Cai, Y., Zhang, M., Lin, Y., Qing, J., An, Z., & Revenaugh, J. (2005). A high-resolution, absolute-dated Holocene and deglacial Asian monsoon record from Dongge Cave, China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters ,233, 71-86.
EPICA community members. (2006). One-to-one coupling of glacial climate variability in Greenland and Antarctica. Nature, 444, 195-198.
Fleitmann, D., Burns, S.J., Pekala, M., Mangini, A., Al-Subbary, A., Al-Aowah, M., Kramers, J., & Matter, A. (2011). Holocene and Pleistocene pluvial periods in Yemen, southern Arabia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30, 783-787.
Hanebuth, T.J.J., Voris, H.K., Yokoyama, Y., Saito, Y., & Okuno, J.I. (2011). Formation and fate of sedimentary depocentres on Southeast Asia's Sunda Shelf over the past sea-level cycle and biogeographic implications. Earth-Science Reviews, 104, 92-110.
Hastings, P., & Liengsakul, M. (1983). Chronology of the late Quaternary climatic changes in Thailand, in: Thiramongkol, N., & Pisutha-Arnond, V. (Eds.), Proceeding of the First Symposium on geomorphology and Quaternary geology of Thailand (pp. 13-25), Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
Heinrich, H. (1988). Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130,000 years. Quaternary Research, 29, 142-152.
Higham, C.F.W. (2015). Debating a great site: Ban Non Wat and the wider prehistory of Southeast Asia. Antiquity, 89, 1211–1220.
Higham, C., Higham, T., Ciarla, R., Douka, K., Kijngam, A., & Rispoli, F. (2011). The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia. Journal of World Prehistory, 24, 227-274.
Hodell, D.A., Brenner, M., Kanfoush, S.L., Curtis, J.H., Stoner, J.S., Xueliang, S., Yuan, W., & Whitmore, T.J. (1999). Paleoclimate of Southwestern China for the Past 50,000 yr Inferred from Lake Sediment Records. Quaternary Research, 52, 369-380.
Hoek, W.Z. (2009). “Bølling-Allerød Interstadial.” In: Gornitz, V. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments (pp. 100-103). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Huang, C-Y., Liew, P-M., Zhao, M., Chang, T-C., Kuo, C-M., Chen, M-T., Wang, C-H., & Zheng, L-F. (1997). Deep sea and lake records of the Southeast Asian paleomonsoons for the last 25 thousand years. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 146, 59-72.
Kealhofer, L., & Penny, D. (1998). A combined pollen and phytolith record for fourteen thousand years of vegetation change in northeastern Thailand. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 103, 83-93.
Maloney, B.K. (1995). Evidence for the Younger Dryas climatic event in Southeast Asia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 14, 949-958.
Maloney, B.K. (1996). A 10,600 year pollen record from Nong Thale Song Hong, Trang Province, South Thailand. Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin, 18, 129-137.
Maloney, B.K. & McAlister, J.J. (1990). Khok Phanom Di, central Thailand: chemical analysis of pollen core KL 2 and AMS radiocarbon dates from cores KL 2 and BMR 2. Geoarchaeology, 5, 375–382.
Matsumoto, J. (1997). Seasonal transition of summer rainy season over indochina and adjacent monsoon region. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 14, 231-245.
Mingram, J., Schettler, G., Nowaczyk, N., Luo, X., Lu, H., Liu, J., & Negendank, J.F.W. (2004). The Huguang maar lake—a high-resolution record of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic changes over the last 78,000 years from South China. Quaternary International, 122, 85-107.
Morrill, C., & Jacobsen, R.M. (2005). How widespread were climate anomalies 8200 years ago? Geophysical Research Letters, 32, 1-4.
Muscheler, R., Kromer, B., Bjorck, S., Svensson, A., Friedrich, M., Kaiser, K.F., & Southon, J. (2008). Tree rings and ice cores reveal 14C calibration uncertainties during the Younger Dryas. Nature Geosciences, 1, 263-267.
NGRIP members (2004). High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period. Nature, 431, 147-151.
Nimnate, P., Chutakositkanon, V., Choowong, M., Pailoplee, S., & Phantuwongraj, S. (2015). Evidence of Holocene sea level regression from Chumphon coast of the Gulf of Thailand. ScienceAsia, 41, 55-63.
Partin, J.W., Cobb, K.M., Adkins, J.F., Clark, B., & Fernandez, D.P. (2007). Millennial-scale trends in west Pacific warm pool hydrology since the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature, 449, 452-455.
Pausata, F.S.R., Battisti, D.S., Nisancioglu, K.H., & Bitz, C.M. (2011). Chinese stalagmite 18O controlled by changes in the Indian monsoon during a simulated Heinrich event. Nature Geosciences, 4, 474-480.
Penny, D. (2001). A 40,000 year palynological record from north-east Thailand; implications for biogeography and palaeo-environmental reconstruction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 171, 97-128.
Penny, D., & Kealhofer, L. (2005). Microfossil evidence of land-use intensification in north Thailand. Journal of Archaeological Science, 32, 69-82.
Pramojanee, P., & Hastings, P.J. (1983). Geomorphological and palynology investigation of sea level changes in Chantaburi, SE Thailand, in: Thiramongkol, N., Pisutha-Arnond, V. (Eds.), Proceeding of the First Symposium on geomorphology and Quaternary geology of Thailand (pp. 35-51), Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
Reimer, P., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J., Blackwell, P., Bronk Ramsey, C., Buck, C., Cheng, H., Edwards, R., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P., Guilderson, T., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., Hatté, C., Heaton, T., Hoffmann, D., Hogg, A., Hughen, K., Kaiser, K., Kromer, B., Manning, S., Niu, M., Reimer, R., Richards, D., Scott, E., Southon, J., Staff, R., Turney, C., & van der Plicht, J. (2013). IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP. Radiocarbon, 55, 1869-1887.
Somboon, J.R.P. (1988). Paleontological study of the recent marine sediments in the lower central plain, Thailand. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 2, 201-210.
Steig, E.J. (1999). Mid-Holocene Climate Change. Science, 286, 1485-1487.
Thai Meteorological Department (2011). Climate of Thailand. Bangkok. Retrive August 19, 2016, from www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf.
Voris, H.K. (2000). Maps of Pleistocene sea levels in Southeast Asia: shorelines, river systems and time durations. Journal of Biogeography, 27, 1153-1167.
Wang, Y.J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., An, Z.S., Wu, J.Y., Shen, C.C., & Dorale, J.A. (2001). A High-Resolution Absolute-Dated Late Pleistocene Monsoon Record from Hulu Cave, China. Science, 294, 2345-2348.
Walker, M.J.C., Berkelhammer, M., Björck, S., Cwynar, L.C., Fisher, D.A., Long, A.J., Lowe, J.J., Newnham, R.M., Rasmussen, S.O., & Weiss, H. (2012). Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch: a Discussion Paper by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice-core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy). Journal of Quaternary Science, 27, 649-659.
Wang, B., Clemens, S.C., & Liu, P. (2003). Contrasting the Indian and East Asian monsoons: implications on geologic timescales. Marine Geology, 201, 5-21.
Wang, H., Hong, Y., Lin, Q., Hong, B., Zhu, Y., Wang, Y., & Xu, H. (2010). Response of humification degree to monsoon climate during the Holocene from the Hongyuan peat bog, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 286, 171-177.
Wang, P., Clemens, S., Beaufort, L., Braconnot, P., Ganssen, G., Jian, Z., Kershaw, P., & Sarnthein, M. (2005). Evolution and variability of the Asian monsoon system: state of the art and outstanding issues. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 595-629.
Werner, W.L. (1997). Pines and other conifers in Thailand – a Quaternary relic? Journal of Quaternary Science, 12, 451-454.
White, J.C., Penny, D., Kealhofer, L., & Maloney, B. (2004). Vegetation changes from the late Pleistocene through the Holocene from three areas of archaeological significance in Thailand. Quaternary International, 113, 111-132.
Wohlfarth, B., Higham, C., Yamoah, K.A., Chabangborn, A., Chawchai, S., & Smittenberg, R.H. (2016). Human adaptation to mid- to late-Holocene climate change in Northeast Thailand. The Holocene, 1-12.
Wohlfarth, B., Klubseang, W., Inthongkaew, S., Fritz, S.C., Blaauw, M., Reimer, P.J., Chabangborn, A., Löwemark, L., & Chawchai, S. (2012). Holocene environmental changes in northeast Thailand as reconstructed from a
Downloads
Published
2017-01-27
Issue
Section
Scientific Article
