Preliminary Study on the Nutritional Content of Artemia fed mixed microalgal Diets and their Effect on the Reproduction of Captive Bred Green Mandarinfish (Synchiropus splendidus Herre, 1927)
Abstract
Artemia are used intensively for slow feeding species like the green mandarinfish, Synchiropus splendidus, however, the size and nutritional content of Artemia on their reproductive performance, requires determination. To investigate this, 12 pairs of 14-month old F1 progeny were maintained in glass aquaria containing 90L of seawater and fed twice daily on either: 1) adult Artemia (AA) at 3 individuals (ind.) L-1; 2) newly hatched Artemia (NHA) at 0.5 ind.mL-1; 3) mixtures of AA and NHA at a ratio of 2 ind.L-1: 0.5 ind.mL-1; and 4) mixtures of AA and NHA at a ratio of 1 ind.L-1: 0.5 ind. mL-1, respectively. Maintained with dry Spirulina sp., Artemia were enriched daily with microalgae mixtures, i.e., either Tetraselmis gracilis and Isochrysis galbana or T. gracilis and Nanochrolopsis oculata. NHA contained higher protein and lipid levels than AA; the protein levels of AA fed mixed T. gracilis and N. oculata were high but their lipid levels were similar to that fed T. gracilis and I. galbana. All Artemia contained eicosapentaenoic acid (ca. 3%), but they lacked docosahexaenoic acid, while only AA fed mixed microalgae had ca.1% arachidonic acid. During the 9-month trial, only one pair of mandarinfish, reared on AA at 3 ind.L-1, spawned at 19-months old. The pair subsequently spawned ten times throughout June-September; the number of eggs laid within each batch ranged from 48–253; average diameter of the eggs was 0.78±0.02 mm. Irrespective of the egg number within a batch, the number of fertilized eggs increased in successive batches indicating that application of microalgae-enriched AA at least 3 ind.L-1, when presented to 14-month old green mandarinfish (F1) at least twice daily for 9 months, may provide sufficient nutrients to promote the reproduction of the green mandarinfish reared in captivity, although the enrichment methods require further investigation. Keywords : Artemia, nutritional content, reproduction, green mandarinfishReferences
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Bruce, M., Oyen, F., Bell, J., Asturiano, J. F., Farndale, B., & Carillo, M. (1999). Development of broodstock diets for the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) with special emphasis on the importance of n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids to reproductive performance. Aquaculture, 177, 85–97.
Callan, C.K., Laidley, C.W., Kling, L.J., Breen, N.E., & Rhyne, A.L. (2014). The effects of dietary HUFA level on flame angelfish (Centropyge loriculus) spawning, egg quality and early larval characteristics. Aquaculture Research, 45, 1176–1186.
Carcupino, M., Baldacci, A., Mazzini, M., & Franzoi, P. (2002). Functional significance of the male brood pouch in the reproductive strategies of pipefishes and seahorses: a morphological and ultrastructural comparative study on three anatomically different pouches. Journal of Fish Biology, 61, 1465–1480.
Chang, H.W. (1951). Age and growth of Callionymus lyraL. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 30, 281-296.
Chang, M., & Southgate, P.C. (2001). Effects of varying dietary fatty acid composition on growth and survival of seahorse, Hippocampus sp., juveniles. Aquarium Sciences & Conservation, 3, 205–214.
Chomrung, A., Pratoomyot, J., Srivilas, P., & Muthuwon, V. (2007). Effects of nitrogen concentrations on biochemical composition of cultured microalgae Isochrysis galbana growth and survival rate of anemonefish (Amphiprion ephippium). Journal of Scientific Research Chulalongkorn University, Section T (6) (special issue 1), 339-347.
Christie, W.W. (1993). Preparation of derivatives of fatty acids for chromatographic analysis. In W.W. Christie, (Ed.). Advances in Lipid Methodology Two (pp. 69-111). The Oily Press, U.K.
De Oliveira, M.A.C.L., Monteiro, M.P.C., Robbs, P.G., & Leite, S.G.F. (1999). Growth and chemical composition of Spirulina maxima and Spirulina platensis biomass at different temperatures. Aquaculture International, 7 261–275.
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Dzyuba, B., Van Look, K.J.W., Cliffe, A., Koldewey, H., & Holt, W.V. (2006). Effect of parental age and associated size on fecundity, growth and survival in the yellow seahorse, Hippocampus kuda. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209, 3055–3061.
Fernández-Palacios, H., Izquierdo, M. S., Robaina, L., Valencia, A., Salhi, M., & Vergara, J. (1995). Effect of n-3 HUFA level in broodstock diets on egg quality of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Aquaculture, 132, 325-337.
Fernández-Palacios, H., Norberg, G., Izquierdo, L. M., & Hamre, K. (2011). Broodstock diets on eggs and larvae. In J. Holt. (Ed.). Larval Fish Nutrition (pp.153–183). Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley and Sons, London, UK.
Folch, J., Lees, M. & Sloane-Stanley, G.H. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226, 497-509.
Forteath, N. (1997). The large bellied seahorse, Hippocampus abdominalis, a candidate for aquaculture. Austasia Aquaculture, 11, 52–54.
Foster, S.J., & Vincent, A.C.J. (2004). Life history and ecology of seahorses: implications for conservation and management. Journal of Fish Biology, 65, 1–61.
Furuita, H., Yamamoto, T., Shima, T., Suzuki, N., & Takeuchi, T. (2003). Effect of arachidonic acid levels in broodstock diet on larval and egg quality of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture, 220, 725–735.
Gibson, R.N., & Ezzi, I.A. (1979). Aspects of the biology of the spotted dragonet Callionymus maculates Rafinesque-Schmaltz from the west coast of Scotland. Journal of Fish Biology, 15, 555-569.
Izquierdo, M. (2005). Essential fatty acid requirements in Mediteranean fish species. In: D. Montero, B. Basurco, I. Nengas, M. Alexis, M. Uzquierdo (Eds.), Mediterranean Fish Nutrition (pp.91-101).Zaragoza:CHHEAM.
Izquierdo, M.S., Fernandez-Palacios, H., & Tacon, A.G.J. (2001). Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fish. Aquaculture, 197, 25-42.
Izquierdo, M.S., Socorro, J., Arantzamendi, L., & Hernandez-Xruz, C.M. (2000). Recent advances in lipid nutrition in fish larvae. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 22, 97-107.
Jaritkhuan, S. & Chomrung, A. (2007). Effect of photoperiods on protein lipid and fatty acid content of Nannochloropsis oculata. Journal of Scientific Research Chulalongkorn University, Section T (6) (special issue 1), 331-338.
Lavens, P., Leger, P., & Sorgeloos, P. (1989). Manipulation of the fatty acid profile in Artemia offspring produced in intensive culture systems. In: N. De Pauw, E. Jaspers, H. Ackefors, N. Wilkins (Eds.). Aquaculture - A Biotechnology in Progress (pp 731-739). European Aquaculture Society, Bredene, Belgium.
Lieske, E., & Myers, R. (1994). Collins Pocket Guide. Coral Reef Fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Harper Collins Publishers.
Lin, Q., Gao, Y., Sheng, J., Chen, Q., Zhang, B., & Lu, J. (2007). The effects of food and the sum of effective temperature on the embryonic development of the seahorse, Hippocampus kuda Bleeker. Aquaculture, 262 (12), 481–492.
Lin, Q., Lin, J., & Zhang, D. (2008). Breeding and juvenile culture of the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810. Aquaculture, 277, 287–292.
Lin, Q., Lin, J., Zhang, D., & Wang, Y. (2009). Weaning of juvenile seahorses Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810 from live to frozen food. Aquaculture, 292, 224–229.
Mazorra, C., Bruce, M., Bell, J.G., Davie, A., Alorend, E. & Jordan, N. (2003). Dietary lipid enhancement of broodstock reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Aquaculture, 227, 21–33.
Migaud, H., Bell, G., Cabrita, E., McAndrew, B., Davie, A., Bobe, J., Herráez, M.P., & Carrillo, M. (2013). Gamete quality and broodstock management in temperate fish. Reviews in Aquaculture, 5 (Suppl. 1), S194–S223.
Miranda, A.C.L., Bazzoli, N., Rizzo, E., & Sato, Y. (1999). Ovarian follicular atresia in two teleost species: a histological and ultrastructural study. Tissue & Cell, 31, 480-488.
Otero-Ferrer, F., Molina, L., Socorro, J., Fernández-Palacios, H., & Izquierdo, M. (2012). Effect of different live prey on spawning quality of short-snouted seahorse, Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758). Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 43, 174-186.
Praiboon, J., Kaewsuralikit, C., Tankitjanukit, S., & Jitchum, P. (2012). Fatty acid composition of five species of marine phytoplankton. In The first Asian Marine Biology Symposium, Phuket. Program and Abstracts. (p.96). Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University.
Pratoomyot, J., Srivilas, P., & Noiraksar, T. (2005). Fatty acids composition of 10 microalgal species. Songklanakarin Journal of Science & Technology, 27 (6), 1179-1187.
Randall, J.E., Allen, G.R., & Steene, R.C. (1990). Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Rhyne, A.L., & Tlusty, M.F. (2012). Trends in the marine aquatic trade: the influence of global economics and technology. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, 5, 99–102.
Sadovy, Y., Mitcheson, G., & Rasotto, M.B. (2001). Early development of the mandarinfish, Synchiropus spendidus (Callionymidae), with notes on its fishery and potential for aquaculture. Aquarium Sciences &Conservation, 3, 253-363.
Sargent, J.R., Tocher, D.R., & Bell, J.G. (2002). The lipids. In J.E. Halver, & R.W. Hardy (Eds). Fish Nutrition, 3rd. (pp. 181-257). Academic Press, San Diego, California.
Sorbera, L.A., Asturiano, J.F., Carrillo, M., & Zanuy, S. (2001). Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids and prostaglandins on oocyte maturation in a marine teleost, the European sea bass (Dicentrachus labrax). Biology of Reproduction, 64, 382-389.
Uslu, L., Isik, O., Koç, K., & Göksan, T. (2011). The effects of nitrogen deficiencies on the lipid and protein contents of Spirulina platensis. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10 (3), 386-389.
Wong, J.M., & Benzie, J.A.H. (2003). The effects of temperature, Artemia enrichment, stocking density and light on the growth of juvenile seahorses, Hippocampus whitei (Bleeker, 1855), from Australia. Aquaculture, 228, 107–121.
Woods, C.M.C. (2005). Growth of cultured seahorses (Hippocampus abdominalis) in relation to feed ratio. Aquaculture International, 13, 305–314.
Woods, C.M.C., & Valentino, F. (2003). Frozen mysids as an alternative to live Artemia in culturing seahorses Hippocampus abdominalis. Aquaculture Research, 34, 757–763.
Zarei, A. (2013). Chapter 20: Artemia, a new source of animal protein ingredient in poultry nutrition. In: M.D. Matovic (Ed.) Biomass now - sustainable growth and use. InTech, Croatia
Bruce, M., Oyen, F., Bell, J., Asturiano, J. F., Farndale, B., & Carillo, M. (1999). Development of broodstock diets for the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) with special emphasis on the importance of n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids to reproductive performance. Aquaculture, 177, 85–97.
Callan, C.K., Laidley, C.W., Kling, L.J., Breen, N.E., & Rhyne, A.L. (2014). The effects of dietary HUFA level on flame angelfish (Centropyge loriculus) spawning, egg quality and early larval characteristics. Aquaculture Research, 45, 1176–1186.
Carcupino, M., Baldacci, A., Mazzini, M., & Franzoi, P. (2002). Functional significance of the male brood pouch in the reproductive strategies of pipefishes and seahorses: a morphological and ultrastructural comparative study on three anatomically different pouches. Journal of Fish Biology, 61, 1465–1480.
Chang, H.W. (1951). Age and growth of Callionymus lyraL. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 30, 281-296.
Chang, M., & Southgate, P.C. (2001). Effects of varying dietary fatty acid composition on growth and survival of seahorse, Hippocampus sp., juveniles. Aquarium Sciences & Conservation, 3, 205–214.
Chomrung, A., Pratoomyot, J., Srivilas, P., & Muthuwon, V. (2007). Effects of nitrogen concentrations on biochemical composition of cultured microalgae Isochrysis galbana growth and survival rate of anemonefish (Amphiprion ephippium). Journal of Scientific Research Chulalongkorn University, Section T (6) (special issue 1), 339-347.
Christie, W.W. (1993). Preparation of derivatives of fatty acids for chromatographic analysis. In W.W. Christie, (Ed.). Advances in Lipid Methodology Two (pp. 69-111). The Oily Press, U.K.
De Oliveira, M.A.C.L., Monteiro, M.P.C., Robbs, P.G., & Leite, S.G.F. (1999). Growth and chemical composition of Spirulina maxima and Spirulina platensis biomass at different temperatures. Aquaculture International, 7 261–275.
Dhont, J., & Lavens, P. (1996). Tank production and use of on grown Artemia. In: P. Lavens, & P. Sorgeloos, (Eds.). Manual in the production and use of live food for aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper no 361, 137-163.
Dzyuba, B., Van Look, K.J.W., Cliffe, A., Koldewey, H., & Holt, W.V. (2006). Effect of parental age and associated size on fecundity, growth and survival in the yellow seahorse, Hippocampus kuda. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209, 3055–3061.
Fernández-Palacios, H., Izquierdo, M. S., Robaina, L., Valencia, A., Salhi, M., & Vergara, J. (1995). Effect of n-3 HUFA level in broodstock diets on egg quality of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Aquaculture, 132, 325-337.
Fernández-Palacios, H., Norberg, G., Izquierdo, L. M., & Hamre, K. (2011). Broodstock diets on eggs and larvae. In J. Holt. (Ed.). Larval Fish Nutrition (pp.153–183). Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley and Sons, London, UK.
Folch, J., Lees, M. & Sloane-Stanley, G.H. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226, 497-509.
Forteath, N. (1997). The large bellied seahorse, Hippocampus abdominalis, a candidate for aquaculture. Austasia Aquaculture, 11, 52–54.
Foster, S.J., & Vincent, A.C.J. (2004). Life history and ecology of seahorses: implications for conservation and management. Journal of Fish Biology, 65, 1–61.
Furuita, H., Yamamoto, T., Shima, T., Suzuki, N., & Takeuchi, T. (2003). Effect of arachidonic acid levels in broodstock diet on larval and egg quality of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture, 220, 725–735.
Gibson, R.N., & Ezzi, I.A. (1979). Aspects of the biology of the spotted dragonet Callionymus maculates Rafinesque-Schmaltz from the west coast of Scotland. Journal of Fish Biology, 15, 555-569.
Izquierdo, M. (2005). Essential fatty acid requirements in Mediteranean fish species. In: D. Montero, B. Basurco, I. Nengas, M. Alexis, M. Uzquierdo (Eds.), Mediterranean Fish Nutrition (pp.91-101).Zaragoza:CHHEAM.
Izquierdo, M.S., Fernandez-Palacios, H., & Tacon, A.G.J. (2001). Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fish. Aquaculture, 197, 25-42.
Izquierdo, M.S., Socorro, J., Arantzamendi, L., & Hernandez-Xruz, C.M. (2000). Recent advances in lipid nutrition in fish larvae. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 22, 97-107.
Jaritkhuan, S. & Chomrung, A. (2007). Effect of photoperiods on protein lipid and fatty acid content of Nannochloropsis oculata. Journal of Scientific Research Chulalongkorn University, Section T (6) (special issue 1), 331-338.
Lavens, P., Leger, P., & Sorgeloos, P. (1989). Manipulation of the fatty acid profile in Artemia offspring produced in intensive culture systems. In: N. De Pauw, E. Jaspers, H. Ackefors, N. Wilkins (Eds.). Aquaculture - A Biotechnology in Progress (pp 731-739). European Aquaculture Society, Bredene, Belgium.
Lieske, E., & Myers, R. (1994). Collins Pocket Guide. Coral Reef Fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Harper Collins Publishers.
Lin, Q., Gao, Y., Sheng, J., Chen, Q., Zhang, B., & Lu, J. (2007). The effects of food and the sum of effective temperature on the embryonic development of the seahorse, Hippocampus kuda Bleeker. Aquaculture, 262 (12), 481–492.
Lin, Q., Lin, J., & Zhang, D. (2008). Breeding and juvenile culture of the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810. Aquaculture, 277, 287–292.
Lin, Q., Lin, J., Zhang, D., & Wang, Y. (2009). Weaning of juvenile seahorses Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810 from live to frozen food. Aquaculture, 292, 224–229.
Mazorra, C., Bruce, M., Bell, J.G., Davie, A., Alorend, E. & Jordan, N. (2003). Dietary lipid enhancement of broodstock reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Aquaculture, 227, 21–33.
Migaud, H., Bell, G., Cabrita, E., McAndrew, B., Davie, A., Bobe, J., Herráez, M.P., & Carrillo, M. (2013). Gamete quality and broodstock management in temperate fish. Reviews in Aquaculture, 5 (Suppl. 1), S194–S223.
Miranda, A.C.L., Bazzoli, N., Rizzo, E., & Sato, Y. (1999). Ovarian follicular atresia in two teleost species: a histological and ultrastructural study. Tissue & Cell, 31, 480-488.
Otero-Ferrer, F., Molina, L., Socorro, J., Fernández-Palacios, H., & Izquierdo, M. (2012). Effect of different live prey on spawning quality of short-snouted seahorse, Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758). Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 43, 174-186.
Praiboon, J., Kaewsuralikit, C., Tankitjanukit, S., & Jitchum, P. (2012). Fatty acid composition of five species of marine phytoplankton. In The first Asian Marine Biology Symposium, Phuket. Program and Abstracts. (p.96). Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University.
Pratoomyot, J., Srivilas, P., & Noiraksar, T. (2005). Fatty acids composition of 10 microalgal species. Songklanakarin Journal of Science & Technology, 27 (6), 1179-1187.
Randall, J.E., Allen, G.R., & Steene, R.C. (1990). Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Rhyne, A.L., & Tlusty, M.F. (2012). Trends in the marine aquatic trade: the influence of global economics and technology. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, 5, 99–102.
Sadovy, Y., Mitcheson, G., & Rasotto, M.B. (2001). Early development of the mandarinfish, Synchiropus spendidus (Callionymidae), with notes on its fishery and potential for aquaculture. Aquarium Sciences &Conservation, 3, 253-363.
Sargent, J.R., Tocher, D.R., & Bell, J.G. (2002). The lipids. In J.E. Halver, & R.W. Hardy (Eds). Fish Nutrition, 3rd. (pp. 181-257). Academic Press, San Diego, California.
Sorbera, L.A., Asturiano, J.F., Carrillo, M., & Zanuy, S. (2001). Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids and prostaglandins on oocyte maturation in a marine teleost, the European sea bass (Dicentrachus labrax). Biology of Reproduction, 64, 382-389.
Uslu, L., Isik, O., Koç, K., & Göksan, T. (2011). The effects of nitrogen deficiencies on the lipid and protein contents of Spirulina platensis. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10 (3), 386-389.
Wong, J.M., & Benzie, J.A.H. (2003). The effects of temperature, Artemia enrichment, stocking density and light on the growth of juvenile seahorses, Hippocampus whitei (Bleeker, 1855), from Australia. Aquaculture, 228, 107–121.
Woods, C.M.C. (2005). Growth of cultured seahorses (Hippocampus abdominalis) in relation to feed ratio. Aquaculture International, 13, 305–314.
Woods, C.M.C., & Valentino, F. (2003). Frozen mysids as an alternative to live Artemia in culturing seahorses Hippocampus abdominalis. Aquaculture Research, 34, 757–763.
Zarei, A. (2013). Chapter 20: Artemia, a new source of animal protein ingredient in poultry nutrition. In: M.D. Matovic (Ed.) Biomass now - sustainable growth and use. InTech, Croatia
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บทความวิจัยจากการสัมมนาและฝึกอบรมนานาชาติ International Seminar and Workshop on Marine Natural Products 2015
