Natural Systems for Corals Culture in a Captivity
Abstract
Corals are fragile marine invertebrates. They are highly sensitive to change in environmental conditions. Thus, most of the people believe that it is difficult or impossible to keep corals in captivity, and corals will only survive in its ecosystem. Nowadays, most of the corals are not only surviving in captivity but also propagate in many public aquariums and research institutes. The success of the coral culture is due to the research and development of the “natural systems” for keeping these sensitive animals. However, scientific knowledge of coral keeping is not widely recognized by the public. The information is limit to specific groups of people such as experienced marine hobbyist, aquarist in the public aquarium, and researcher who researches on coral and reef organisms culture. This article aims to provide in-depth information on the four natural systems that have been successfully used in keeping the corals and marine invertebrates in captivity. These systems are Lee Chin Eng natural system, Berlin system, Monaco system, and Algal turf scrubber. The principle of the development, composition, and biological processes of the systems are explained to provide enough information for the aquarist, researcher, and reef invertebrates keeping enthusiast to be used in research or public education. Keywords : natural system ; coral culture ; natural process ; biological process, biological filtrationReferences
Adey, W. H. & Goertemiller, T. (1987). Coral Reef Algal Turfs: Master Producers in Nutrient Poor Seas. Phycology, 26(3), 374-386.
Adey, W. H. & Loveland, K. (2007). Dynamic Aquaria: Building Living Ecosystems. (Third edition). USA: Academic Press, Elsevier Inc.
Adey, W. H. (1982). United States Patent No. 4,333,263. Alexandria, VA: The United States Patent and Trademark Office.
Adey, W. H. (1983). The Microcosm: A New Tool for Reef Research. Coral Reefs, 1983(1), 193–201.
Adey, W. H., Kangas, P. C., & Mulbry, W. (2011). Algal Turf Scrubbing: Cleaning Surface Waters with Solar Energy While Producing a Biofuel. BioScience, 61(6), 434-441.
Borneman, E. (2008). Introduction to the Husbandry of Corals in Aquariums: A Review. In R.J. Leewis & M. Janse (eds.), Advances in Coral Husbandry in Public Aquariums. Public Aquarium Husbandry Series, Vol. 2. (pp. 3-14). Arnhem: Burgers’ Zoo.
Borneman, E. H. (2001). Aquarium Corals: Selection, Husbandry, and Natural History. New Jersey: T.F.H. Publications.
Brockmann, D & Janse, M. (2008). Calcium and Carbonate in Closed Marine Aquarium Systems. In R.J. Leewis & M. Janse (eds.), Advances in Coral Husbandry in Public Aquariums. Public Aquarium Husbandry Series, Vol. 2. (pp. 133-142). Arnhem: Burgers’ Zoo.
Calfo, A. & Fenner, R. (2003). Reef Invertebrates: An Essential Guide to Selection, Care and Compatibility. Philadelphia: Reading Trees.
Carlson, B. A. (1981). Aquarium Systems for Living Corals. International Zoo Yearbook, 1987(26), 1-9.
Carlson, B. A. (1999). Organisms Responses to Rapid Change: What Aquaria Tell Us about Nature. American Zoologist, 39, 44-55.
Carlson, B. A. (2008). General Introduction: Advances in Coral Husbandry in Public Aquaria. In R.J. Leewis & M. Janse (eds.), Advances in Coral Husbandry in Public Aquariums. Public Aquarium Husbandry Series, Vol. 2. (pp. IX- XV). Arnhem: Burgers’ Zoo.
Craggs, R.J. (2001). Wastewater Treatment by Algal Turf Scrubbing. Water Science Technology, 44(11-12),
427-433.
Delbeek, J.C. & Sprung, J. (1994). The Reef Aquarium, Volume 1. Florida: Ricordea Publishing.
Delbeek, J.C. & Sprung, J. (2005). The Reef Aquarium: Science, Art, and Technology, Volume 3. Florida: Ricordea Publishing.
Eng, L.C. (1961). Nature’s System of Keeping Marine Fishes. Tropical Fish Hobbyist, 9(6),23-30.
Fatherree, J. W. (2017). A Brief History of the Reef Aquarium. Tropical Fish Hobbyist, 2017(Sep/Oct), 54-61.
Fosså, S. A. & Nilsen, A. J. (1996). The Modern Coral Reef Aquarium, Volume 1. Minden, Germany: J.C.C. Bruns GmbH.
Galloway J.N., Leach, A.M., Bleeker, A., & Erisman J.W. (2013). A Chronology of Human Understanding of the Nitrogen Cycle. Philosophical Trans. R. Soc. B, 368(20130120), 1-11.
Goemans, B. (2012). The 'Living' Marine Aquarium Manual. Retrieved Feb 20, 2020, from http://www.saltcorner.com/LMAM/TOC.php?showsection=2
Goemans, B. (2019). Freshwater and Marine Aquarium Filtration: The Path Toward Camelot. Publisher: Page Publishing, Inc.
Hackney, J. (1985). Living Coral Reef Aquarium. SeaScope, 2, 3-4.
Headlee, L. (1997). The Father of Modern Reef Keeping, Lee Chin Eng. Reef Aquarium Farming News, 6, 3.
Huang, Z., Jones, J., Gu, J., Hallerman, E., Lane, T., Song, X., & Wan, R. (2013). Performance of a Recirculating Aquaculture System Utilizing an Algal Turf Scrubber for Scaled-Up Captive Rearing of Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae). North American Journal of Aquaculture, 75(4), 543-547.
Jaubert, J. & Soong, K. (2009). Coral Reef Regeneration. In C. Jacques, J. Nihoul & A.C. Chen-Tung (eds.), Oceanography Vol. 3, Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). (pp. 47-67). Oxford: Eolss Publishers.
Jaubert, J. (1989). EU Patent No. 0 328 474 B1. Paris, France: European Patent Office.
Jaubert, J. (2008a). Biogeochemical Processes and Water Homeostasis in an Ecologically Purified Captive Marine Ecosystem: Facts and Hypotheses. In 7th International Aquarium Congress (IAC 2008). (pp. D145-D155). PR China: Shanghai Ocean Aquarium.
Jaubert, J. (2008b). Scientific Considerations on a Technique of Ecological Purification that Made Possible the Cultivation of Reef-building Corals in Monaco. In R.J. Leewis & M. Janse (eds.), Advances in Coral Husbandry in Public Aquariums. Public Aquarium Husbandry Series, Vol. 2. (pp. 115-126). Arnhem: Burgers’ Zoo.
Jaubert, J.M. (1991). U.S. Patent No. 4,995,980. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Lehmann, W. (2012). Coral Reef Aquarium Husbandry and Health. In G. A. Lewbart (ed.), Invertebrate Medicine, 2nd Edition. (pp. 57-76). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lucketta. C., Adey, W. H., Morrissey, J., & Spoon, D. M. (1996). Coral Reef Mesocosms and Microcosms — Successes, Problems, and the Future of Laboratory Models. Ecological Engineering, 6(1-3), 57-72.
Meeke, R. (2002). The Plenum System. Marine World, 2002(June/July), 12-14.
Murphy, T. (2008). Natural Filtration. Reefkeeping Online Magazine, 7(4). Retrieved Feb 24, 2020, from http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2008-04/newbie/index.php
Muthuwan, V. (2011a). The Algal Turf Scrubber-ATSTM. Aquarium Biz, 1(9), 96-105. (in Thai)
Muthuwan, V. (2011b). The Berlin System – Where the Technology Blends with Mother Nature. Aquarium Biz, 1(8), 106-117. (in Thai)
Muthuwan, V. (2011c). The Monaco System, Part 1. Aquarium Biz, 1(12),116-127. (in Thai)
Riseley, R.A. 1971. Tropical Marine Aquaria. UK: George Allen & Unwin LTD.
Siegel, T. (2008). Editorial: January 2008. Advance Aquarist Online Magazine, 7(1). Retrieved Mar 27, 2020, from https://www.advancedaquarist.com/2008/1/aaeditorial
Spotte, S. (1992). Captive Seawater Fishes: Science and Technology. USA: Wiley-Interscience Publication.
Sprung, J. & J.C. Delbeek. (2005). The Reef Aquarium, Volume 3. Florida. Ricordea Publishing.
Vitko, R. (2004). A History of the Hobby. Reefkeeping Online Magazine, 3(9). Retrieved Mar 23, 2020, from http://www.reefkeeping.com/issues/2004-09/rv/feature/index.php
Warrick, J. (2003). Advanced Beginnings: The Basics of Water Movement in the Reef Aquarium. Retrieved Apr 29, 2020, from https://reefs.com/magazine/advanced-beginnings-the-basics-of-water-movement-in-the-reef-aquarium/.
Warrington, R. (1851). Notice of Observations on the Adjustment of the Relations between the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms, by which the Vital Functions of Both are Permanently Maintained. Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society Journal, 1851(1), 52-54.
Wilkens, P. (1973). The Saltwater Aquarium for Tropical Marine Invertebrates. Wuppertal, Germany: Engelbert Pfriem Verlag.
Wilkens, P. (1975). An Experimental Marine Aquarium. Marine Aquarist, 6(5), 49-55.
Wilkens, P. (1976). Mini-Reef. Marine Aquarist, 7(5), 37-42.
Adey, W. H. & Loveland, K. (2007). Dynamic Aquaria: Building Living Ecosystems. (Third edition). USA: Academic Press, Elsevier Inc.
Adey, W. H. (1982). United States Patent No. 4,333,263. Alexandria, VA: The United States Patent and Trademark Office.
Adey, W. H. (1983). The Microcosm: A New Tool for Reef Research. Coral Reefs, 1983(1), 193–201.
Adey, W. H., Kangas, P. C., & Mulbry, W. (2011). Algal Turf Scrubbing: Cleaning Surface Waters with Solar Energy While Producing a Biofuel. BioScience, 61(6), 434-441.
Borneman, E. (2008). Introduction to the Husbandry of Corals in Aquariums: A Review. In R.J. Leewis & M. Janse (eds.), Advances in Coral Husbandry in Public Aquariums. Public Aquarium Husbandry Series, Vol. 2. (pp. 3-14). Arnhem: Burgers’ Zoo.
Borneman, E. H. (2001). Aquarium Corals: Selection, Husbandry, and Natural History. New Jersey: T.F.H. Publications.
Brockmann, D & Janse, M. (2008). Calcium and Carbonate in Closed Marine Aquarium Systems. In R.J. Leewis & M. Janse (eds.), Advances in Coral Husbandry in Public Aquariums. Public Aquarium Husbandry Series, Vol. 2. (pp. 133-142). Arnhem: Burgers’ Zoo.
Calfo, A. & Fenner, R. (2003). Reef Invertebrates: An Essential Guide to Selection, Care and Compatibility. Philadelphia: Reading Trees.
Carlson, B. A. (1981). Aquarium Systems for Living Corals. International Zoo Yearbook, 1987(26), 1-9.
Carlson, B. A. (1999). Organisms Responses to Rapid Change: What Aquaria Tell Us about Nature. American Zoologist, 39, 44-55.
Carlson, B. A. (2008). General Introduction: Advances in Coral Husbandry in Public Aquaria. In R.J. Leewis & M. Janse (eds.), Advances in Coral Husbandry in Public Aquariums. Public Aquarium Husbandry Series, Vol. 2. (pp. IX- XV). Arnhem: Burgers’ Zoo.
Craggs, R.J. (2001). Wastewater Treatment by Algal Turf Scrubbing. Water Science Technology, 44(11-12),
427-433.
Delbeek, J.C. & Sprung, J. (1994). The Reef Aquarium, Volume 1. Florida: Ricordea Publishing.
Delbeek, J.C. & Sprung, J. (2005). The Reef Aquarium: Science, Art, and Technology, Volume 3. Florida: Ricordea Publishing.
Eng, L.C. (1961). Nature’s System of Keeping Marine Fishes. Tropical Fish Hobbyist, 9(6),23-30.
Fatherree, J. W. (2017). A Brief History of the Reef Aquarium. Tropical Fish Hobbyist, 2017(Sep/Oct), 54-61.
Fosså, S. A. & Nilsen, A. J. (1996). The Modern Coral Reef Aquarium, Volume 1. Minden, Germany: J.C.C. Bruns GmbH.
Galloway J.N., Leach, A.M., Bleeker, A., & Erisman J.W. (2013). A Chronology of Human Understanding of the Nitrogen Cycle. Philosophical Trans. R. Soc. B, 368(20130120), 1-11.
Goemans, B. (2012). The 'Living' Marine Aquarium Manual. Retrieved Feb 20, 2020, from http://www.saltcorner.com/LMAM/TOC.php?showsection=2
Goemans, B. (2019). Freshwater and Marine Aquarium Filtration: The Path Toward Camelot. Publisher: Page Publishing, Inc.
Hackney, J. (1985). Living Coral Reef Aquarium. SeaScope, 2, 3-4.
Headlee, L. (1997). The Father of Modern Reef Keeping, Lee Chin Eng. Reef Aquarium Farming News, 6, 3.
Huang, Z., Jones, J., Gu, J., Hallerman, E., Lane, T., Song, X., & Wan, R. (2013). Performance of a Recirculating Aquaculture System Utilizing an Algal Turf Scrubber for Scaled-Up Captive Rearing of Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae). North American Journal of Aquaculture, 75(4), 543-547.
Jaubert, J. & Soong, K. (2009). Coral Reef Regeneration. In C. Jacques, J. Nihoul & A.C. Chen-Tung (eds.), Oceanography Vol. 3, Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). (pp. 47-67). Oxford: Eolss Publishers.
Jaubert, J. (1989). EU Patent No. 0 328 474 B1. Paris, France: European Patent Office.
Jaubert, J. (2008a). Biogeochemical Processes and Water Homeostasis in an Ecologically Purified Captive Marine Ecosystem: Facts and Hypotheses. In 7th International Aquarium Congress (IAC 2008). (pp. D145-D155). PR China: Shanghai Ocean Aquarium.
Jaubert, J. (2008b). Scientific Considerations on a Technique of Ecological Purification that Made Possible the Cultivation of Reef-building Corals in Monaco. In R.J. Leewis & M. Janse (eds.), Advances in Coral Husbandry in Public Aquariums. Public Aquarium Husbandry Series, Vol. 2. (pp. 115-126). Arnhem: Burgers’ Zoo.
Jaubert, J.M. (1991). U.S. Patent No. 4,995,980. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Lehmann, W. (2012). Coral Reef Aquarium Husbandry and Health. In G. A. Lewbart (ed.), Invertebrate Medicine, 2nd Edition. (pp. 57-76). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lucketta. C., Adey, W. H., Morrissey, J., & Spoon, D. M. (1996). Coral Reef Mesocosms and Microcosms — Successes, Problems, and the Future of Laboratory Models. Ecological Engineering, 6(1-3), 57-72.
Meeke, R. (2002). The Plenum System. Marine World, 2002(June/July), 12-14.
Murphy, T. (2008). Natural Filtration. Reefkeeping Online Magazine, 7(4). Retrieved Feb 24, 2020, from http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2008-04/newbie/index.php
Muthuwan, V. (2011a). The Algal Turf Scrubber-ATSTM. Aquarium Biz, 1(9), 96-105. (in Thai)
Muthuwan, V. (2011b). The Berlin System – Where the Technology Blends with Mother Nature. Aquarium Biz, 1(8), 106-117. (in Thai)
Muthuwan, V. (2011c). The Monaco System, Part 1. Aquarium Biz, 1(12),116-127. (in Thai)
Riseley, R.A. 1971. Tropical Marine Aquaria. UK: George Allen & Unwin LTD.
Siegel, T. (2008). Editorial: January 2008. Advance Aquarist Online Magazine, 7(1). Retrieved Mar 27, 2020, from https://www.advancedaquarist.com/2008/1/aaeditorial
Spotte, S. (1992). Captive Seawater Fishes: Science and Technology. USA: Wiley-Interscience Publication.
Sprung, J. & J.C. Delbeek. (2005). The Reef Aquarium, Volume 3. Florida. Ricordea Publishing.
Vitko, R. (2004). A History of the Hobby. Reefkeeping Online Magazine, 3(9). Retrieved Mar 23, 2020, from http://www.reefkeeping.com/issues/2004-09/rv/feature/index.php
Warrick, J. (2003). Advanced Beginnings: The Basics of Water Movement in the Reef Aquarium. Retrieved Apr 29, 2020, from https://reefs.com/magazine/advanced-beginnings-the-basics-of-water-movement-in-the-reef-aquarium/.
Warrington, R. (1851). Notice of Observations on the Adjustment of the Relations between the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms, by which the Vital Functions of Both are Permanently Maintained. Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society Journal, 1851(1), 52-54.
Wilkens, P. (1973). The Saltwater Aquarium for Tropical Marine Invertebrates. Wuppertal, Germany: Engelbert Pfriem Verlag.
Wilkens, P. (1975). An Experimental Marine Aquarium. Marine Aquarist, 6(5), 49-55.
Wilkens, P. (1976). Mini-Reef. Marine Aquarist, 7(5), 37-42.
Downloads
Published
2021-05-12
Issue
Section
Scientific Article
