Using of Palm Oil Sludge to Replace Rice Bran in Juvenile Nile Tilapia Feed
Abstract
This research was aimed to determine the dietary replacement of rice bran (RB) with palm oil sludge (POS) for juvenile sex-reversal Nile tilapia at ratios of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%, respectively. Dietary protein and lipid were approximately 28% and 5%, in which a control diet contained 30% rice bran. Three fish groups with initial weight of 65 grams were fed each diet by three times a day to apparent satiation lasted 60 days. Non-significant differences on rates of growth, survival, feed intake, feed conversion and retention of protein, lipid and mineral in flesh, were observed among fish fed all test diets (p>0.05). Fish fed diet replacing RB with POS by 75 and 100% showed significantly higher protein efficiency ratios and lower feed cost than those of fish fed other diets (p<0.05). Fish fed diet replacing RB with POS by 100% showed highly significant higher protein and lower lipid in flesh than those of fish fed other diets (p<0.01), but total minerals were not significant different (p>0.05). While, non-significant differences of condition factor, flesh yield percentage, indices of hepato-somatic and viscera-somtatic and other organs ratio, were observed among fish fed all test diets (p>0.05). Retentions of essential amino acids in flesh of fish were not impacted by dietary replacement of RB with POS, also increased fatty acids ratios in flesh i.e. n-3/n-6, ARA/Total n-6, EPA+DHA/Total n-3 and DHA/EPA. Conclusively, POS could be used to replace RB by 100% for juvenile sex reversal Nile tilapia feed contained 30% rice bran without negative impacts on growth, feed utilization, survival rate and physical qualities of fish, also improved nutritional values of flesh. Keywords : palm oil sludge ; Nile Tilapia ; feed ; rice branReferences
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Alibaba Company. (2020). Products (Agriculture, Feed). Retrieved Jan 15, 2020, from http:// www.alibaba.com/catalog/feed
Anderson, J., Jackson, A.J., Matty, A.J. & Capper, B.S. (1984). Effects of dietary carbohydrate and fibre on the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.), Aquaculture, 37, 303-314.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. (2016). Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 20th edition. Gaithersburg, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
Ayisi, C.L., Zhao, J. & Rupia, E.J. (2017). Growth performance, feed utilization, body and fatty acid composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets containing elevated levels of palm oil. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 2(2), 67-77.
Chayapoomsakul, K. (2000). An Analysis of Marketing System of Animal Feed Industry in Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand: Kasetsart University. (in Thai)
Chen, C., Sun, B., Li, X., Li, P., Guan, W., Bi, Y. & Pan, Q. (2013). N-3 essential fatty acids in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: quantification of optimum requirement of dietary linolenic acid in juvenile fish. Aquaculture, 416-417, 99-104.
Department of Fisheries. (2010). Strategy for Nile Tilapia Development. Retrieved Jan 15, 2020, from http://www.fisheries.go.th/freshwater/web3/images/download/yutasat (in Thai)
Department of Fisheries. (2019). Fisheries Statistics of Thailand 2017. Bangkok, Thailand: Department of Fisheries Headquarter. (in Thai)
Duangsawasdi, M. & Somsiri, J. (1985). Water Quality and Analysis Method for Fisheries Research. Bangkok, Thailand: National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries. (in Thai)
Fagbenro, O.A. (2000). Validation of the essential amino acid requirements of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linne 1758), assessed by the ideal protein concept In Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. (pp. 154-156). Brazil: Rio de Janeiro.
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2014). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization Headquarter.
Gafar, A.A., Alimon, A.R., Sazili, A.Q., Man, Y.C. & Abubakr, A.R. (2013). Effect of varying levels of palm oil decanter cake on feed intake, growth performance and carcass characteristics of Kacang goats. OSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 3(4), 24-29.
Glencross, B.D. (2009). Exploring the nutritional demand for essential fatty acids by aquaculture species. Review in Aquaculture, 1, 71-124.
Iluyemi, F.B., Hanafi, M.M., Radziah, O. & Kamarudin, M.S. (2010). Nutritional evaluation of fermented palm kernel cake using red tilapia. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(4), 502-507.
Jauncey, K. (1998). Tilapia Feeds and Feeding. Sterling, Scotland: Pisces Press Ltd.
Lim, C. (2009). Lipid, fatty acid requirements of tilapia, dietary supplementation essential for health, reproduction. Global Aquaculture Advocate, (November/December), 61-62.
Nash, R.D.M., Valencia, A.H. & Geffen, A.J. (2006). The origin of Fulton ,s condition factor setting the record straight. Fisheries, 31(5), 236-238.
Ng, W.K. (2005). Lipid nutrition of farmed tilapia. Global Aquaculture Advocate, October, 60-61.
Nhoorit, K. (2019). Production and Trading of Nile Tilapia and Products Status in First Six Months of 2019. Retrieved Jan 15, 2020, from http://www.fisheries.go.th/strategy/fisheconomic/Monthly%20report/tilapia (in Thai)
Samanta, A.K., Jamir, T., Singh, N.S., Zosangpuii, Z. & Lalliankimi, H. (2019). Effect of feeding palm oil
(Elaeis guineensis) sludge as a partial replacement of maize on the performance of growing crossbred (Large White Yorkshire x Zovawk) pigs. International Journal of Livestock Research, 9(1), 336-342.
Savang-Arrom, Y., Suphawinyoo, K. & Kaewchda, N. (2010). Clarias catfish (Clarias macrocephalus x Clarias gariepinus) culture in palm grooves with palm oil sludge as feedstuff. In Conference on Grassroots Economic Development: Creative Economy Oriented. (pp. 43-45). Khon Kaen: Kosa Hotel. (in Thai)
Savang-Arrom, Y., Suphawinyoo, K. & Kaewchda, N. (2012). The Study of Utilization Trend of Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus) Culture in Palm Groove with Oil Sludge Diets. Chum Phon, Thailand: Maejo University, Chum Phon Campus. (in Thai)
Savang-Arrom, Y., Suphawinyoo, K. & Baotong, N. (2016). The utilization of ditch in the oil palm plantations for culture tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by using palm oil sludge as feedstuff. Journal of Agriculture Research and Extension, 33(3), 9-14. (in Thai)
Seephueak, W., Ngampongsai, W. & Chanjula, P. (2011). Effects of palm oil sludge in concentrate on nutrient utilization and rumen ecology of Thai native cattle fed with hay. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 33(3), 271-280.
Simawan, J., Mongkolvai, P. & Sriphuthorn, K. (2016). The effect of utilization of tomato pomace in diets on growth performance and digestibility of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 44(Suppl.1), 687-693. (in Thai)
Stoneham, T.R., Kuhn, D.D., Taylor, D.P., Neilson, A.P., Smith, S.A., Gatlin, D.M., Chu, H.S.S. & O’Keefe, S.F. (2018). Production of omega-3 enriched tilapia through the dietary use of algae meal or fish oil: Improved nutrient value of fillet and offal. PLoS ONE, 13(4), 1-14.
Thai Feed Mill Association. (2020). Monthly Raw Material Pirce. Retrieved Jan 15, 2020, from http://www.thaifeedmill.com/Price/tabid/78/Default.aspx (in Thai)
Tocher, D.R., Zheng, X. Schlechtriem, C. Hastings, N., Dick, J.R. & Teale, A.J. (2006). Highly unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in marine fish: Cloning, functional characterization, and nutritional regulation of fatty acyl Δ6 desaturase of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Lipids, 41, 1003-1016.
Tveteras, R., Nystoyl, R. & Jory, D.E. (2019). Global Finfish Production Review and Forecast. Retrieved Jan 15, 2020, from http://www.aquaculturealliance.org/advocat/goal-2019-global-finfish-production-review-and-forecast
Alibaba Company. (2020). Products (Agriculture, Feed). Retrieved Jan 15, 2020, from http:// www.alibaba.com/catalog/feed
Anderson, J., Jackson, A.J., Matty, A.J. & Capper, B.S. (1984). Effects of dietary carbohydrate and fibre on the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.), Aquaculture, 37, 303-314.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. (2016). Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 20th edition. Gaithersburg, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
Ayisi, C.L., Zhao, J. & Rupia, E.J. (2017). Growth performance, feed utilization, body and fatty acid composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets containing elevated levels of palm oil. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 2(2), 67-77.
Chayapoomsakul, K. (2000). An Analysis of Marketing System of Animal Feed Industry in Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand: Kasetsart University. (in Thai)
Chen, C., Sun, B., Li, X., Li, P., Guan, W., Bi, Y. & Pan, Q. (2013). N-3 essential fatty acids in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: quantification of optimum requirement of dietary linolenic acid in juvenile fish. Aquaculture, 416-417, 99-104.
Department of Fisheries. (2010). Strategy for Nile Tilapia Development. Retrieved Jan 15, 2020, from http://www.fisheries.go.th/freshwater/web3/images/download/yutasat (in Thai)
Department of Fisheries. (2019). Fisheries Statistics of Thailand 2017. Bangkok, Thailand: Department of Fisheries Headquarter. (in Thai)
Duangsawasdi, M. & Somsiri, J. (1985). Water Quality and Analysis Method for Fisheries Research. Bangkok, Thailand: National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries. (in Thai)
Fagbenro, O.A. (2000). Validation of the essential amino acid requirements of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linne 1758), assessed by the ideal protein concept In Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. (pp. 154-156). Brazil: Rio de Janeiro.
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2014). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization Headquarter.
Gafar, A.A., Alimon, A.R., Sazili, A.Q., Man, Y.C. & Abubakr, A.R. (2013). Effect of varying levels of palm oil decanter cake on feed intake, growth performance and carcass characteristics of Kacang goats. OSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 3(4), 24-29.
Glencross, B.D. (2009). Exploring the nutritional demand for essential fatty acids by aquaculture species. Review in Aquaculture, 1, 71-124.
Iluyemi, F.B., Hanafi, M.M., Radziah, O. & Kamarudin, M.S. (2010). Nutritional evaluation of fermented palm kernel cake using red tilapia. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(4), 502-507.
Jauncey, K. (1998). Tilapia Feeds and Feeding. Sterling, Scotland: Pisces Press Ltd.
Lim, C. (2009). Lipid, fatty acid requirements of tilapia, dietary supplementation essential for health, reproduction. Global Aquaculture Advocate, (November/December), 61-62.
Nash, R.D.M., Valencia, A.H. & Geffen, A.J. (2006). The origin of Fulton ,s condition factor setting the record straight. Fisheries, 31(5), 236-238.
Ng, W.K. (2005). Lipid nutrition of farmed tilapia. Global Aquaculture Advocate, October, 60-61.
Nhoorit, K. (2019). Production and Trading of Nile Tilapia and Products Status in First Six Months of 2019. Retrieved Jan 15, 2020, from http://www.fisheries.go.th/strategy/fisheconomic/Monthly%20report/tilapia (in Thai)
Samanta, A.K., Jamir, T., Singh, N.S., Zosangpuii, Z. & Lalliankimi, H. (2019). Effect of feeding palm oil
(Elaeis guineensis) sludge as a partial replacement of maize on the performance of growing crossbred (Large White Yorkshire x Zovawk) pigs. International Journal of Livestock Research, 9(1), 336-342.
Savang-Arrom, Y., Suphawinyoo, K. & Kaewchda, N. (2010). Clarias catfish (Clarias macrocephalus x Clarias gariepinus) culture in palm grooves with palm oil sludge as feedstuff. In Conference on Grassroots Economic Development: Creative Economy Oriented. (pp. 43-45). Khon Kaen: Kosa Hotel. (in Thai)
Savang-Arrom, Y., Suphawinyoo, K. & Kaewchda, N. (2012). The Study of Utilization Trend of Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus) Culture in Palm Groove with Oil Sludge Diets. Chum Phon, Thailand: Maejo University, Chum Phon Campus. (in Thai)
Savang-Arrom, Y., Suphawinyoo, K. & Baotong, N. (2016). The utilization of ditch in the oil palm plantations for culture tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by using palm oil sludge as feedstuff. Journal of Agriculture Research and Extension, 33(3), 9-14. (in Thai)
Seephueak, W., Ngampongsai, W. & Chanjula, P. (2011). Effects of palm oil sludge in concentrate on nutrient utilization and rumen ecology of Thai native cattle fed with hay. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 33(3), 271-280.
Simawan, J., Mongkolvai, P. & Sriphuthorn, K. (2016). The effect of utilization of tomato pomace in diets on growth performance and digestibility of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 44(Suppl.1), 687-693. (in Thai)
Stoneham, T.R., Kuhn, D.D., Taylor, D.P., Neilson, A.P., Smith, S.A., Gatlin, D.M., Chu, H.S.S. & O’Keefe, S.F. (2018). Production of omega-3 enriched tilapia through the dietary use of algae meal or fish oil: Improved nutrient value of fillet and offal. PLoS ONE, 13(4), 1-14.
Thai Feed Mill Association. (2020). Monthly Raw Material Pirce. Retrieved Jan 15, 2020, from http://www.thaifeedmill.com/Price/tabid/78/Default.aspx (in Thai)
Tocher, D.R., Zheng, X. Schlechtriem, C. Hastings, N., Dick, J.R. & Teale, A.J. (2006). Highly unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in marine fish: Cloning, functional characterization, and nutritional regulation of fatty acyl Δ6 desaturase of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Lipids, 41, 1003-1016.
Tveteras, R., Nystoyl, R. & Jory, D.E. (2019). Global Finfish Production Review and Forecast. Retrieved Jan 15, 2020, from http://www.aquaculturealliance.org/advocat/goal-2019-global-finfish-production-review-and-forecast
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2020-09-01
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