Supplementation with Lysine and Methionine in High Alternative Protein Based Diets of Juvenile Asian Sea Bass, Giant Tiger Shrimp and Pacific White Shrimp
Abstract
Supplementation with lysine and methionine in high alternative protein based diets of juvenile Asian sea bass, giant tiger shrimp and Pacific white shrimp were studied. In Asian sea bass trial, control diet contained 35% fishmeal and 39% alternative protein sources (diet 1). Other four test diets contained 10% fishmeal and 71% alternative protein sources supplemented with synthetic lysine and methionine by four regimes consisted of non-supplemented (diet 2) supplemented with rate to meet dietary amounts found in control diet or called normal supplementation rate (diet 3) supplemented higher than normal rate by 1.25 times (diet 3) and by 1.50 times (diet 4), respectively. Three fish groups, approximately 10 g were fed each diet to an apparent satiation by three times a day for 8 weeks. Non-significant differences of specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed cost (FC) were observed between fish fed diet 5 and control diet (p>0.05), but showed highly significant higher than those of fish fed other diets (p<0.01). Non-significant differences of survival rate (SR) and feed intake (FI) were observed among fish fed all test diets (p>0.05). In giant tiger shrimp and Pacific white shrimp trials, control diets contained 25 and 20% fishmeal, respectively and equally contained 40% alternative protein sources. Other four test diets contained 10 and 5% fishmeal, respectively and equally contained 61% alternative protein sources supplemented with lysine and methionine by regimes as did in Asian sea bass trial. Three groups of both giant tiger shrimp and Pacific white shrimp, approximately 1 and 0.6 g, respectively were fed each diet by 6% of body weight a day divided into three times for 8 weeks. The results showed that non-significant differences of SGR, FCR, PER, FC, SR and FI were observed among both shrimp fed all test diets (p>0.05). Keywords: lysine, methionine, Asian sea bass, giant tiger shrimp, Pacific white shrimp,References
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AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Gaithersburg, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
Araújo-Dairiki, T.B., Chaves, F.C.M. & Dairiki, J.K. (2018). Seeds of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis, Euphorbiaceae) as a feed ingredient for juvenile tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, and matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus (Characidae). Acta Amazonica, 48(1), 32-37.
Boonyaratpalin, M., Suraneiranat, P. & Tunpibal, T. (1998). Replacement of fishmeal with various types of soybean products in the diets for the Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. Aquaculture, 161(104), 67-78.
Briggs, M.R.P. & Funge-Smith, S.J. (2008). The potential use of Gracilaria sp. meal in diets for juvenile Penaeus monodon Fabricius. Aquaculture Research, 27(5), 345-354.
Catacutan, M.R. & Coloso, R.M. (1995). Effect of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth, survival, and body composition of juvenile Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer. Aquaculture, 131(12), 125-133.
Cheong, K.L., Qiu, H.M., Du, H., Yang, L. & Khan, B.M. (2018). Oligosaccharides derived from red seaweed: Production, properties, and potential health and cosmetic applications. Molecules, 23(10), 1-18.
Coloso, R.M., Murillo, D.P., Borlongan, I.G. & Catacutan, M.R. (1993). Requirement of juvenile seabass Lates calcarifer Bloch for tryptophan. In The VI International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding. Australia: Hobart.
Conklin, D.E. (1997). Vitamins. In L.R. D,Abramo, D.E. Conklin & D.M. Akiyama. (Eds.), Crustacean Nutrition (Advances in World Aquaculture). (pp. 123-149). Louisiana, USA: World Aquaculture Society.
Davis, D.A. & Lawrence, A.L. (1997). Minerals. In L.R. D,Abramo, D.E. Conklin & D.M. Akiyama. (Eds.), Crustacean Nutrition (Advances in World Aquaculture). (pp. 150-163). Louisiana, USA: World Aquaculture Society.
Dayal, J.S., Rajaram, V., Ambasankar, K. & Ali, S.A. (2011). Sunflower oil cake as a replacement for fish meal in feeds of Tiger Shrimp, Penaeus monodon reared in tanks and in net cages. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 40(3), 460-470.
Department of Fisheries. (2019). Standard Criteria for Aquatic Animal Feeds Registered with Department of Fisheries, Thailand. Retrieved May 10, 2019, from http://www4.fisheries.go.th/local/index.php/main/view_qr_group/82/124 (in Thai)
Duangsawasdi, M. & Somsiri, J. (1985). Water Quality and Analysis Method for Fisheries Research. Bangkok: National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries. (in Thai)
FAO. (1987). The Nutrition and Feeding of Farmed Fish and Shrimp - a Training Manual. Rome, Italy: Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization.
Francis, G., Makkar, H.P.S. & Becker, K. (2001). Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternative fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture, 199(3-4), 197-227.
Glencross, B. (2003). Pilot Assessment of the Potential for Canola Meal and Oil Use in Aquaculture Feeds. Western Australia, Australia: Department of Fisheries.
Glencross, B., Thierry, B. & Kaushik, S.J. (2003). Influence of oligosaccharides on the digestibility of lupin meals when fed to rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 219(1-4), 703-713.
Glencross, B. (2006). The nutritional management of barramundi, Lates calcarifer-a review. Aquaculture Nutrition, 12(4), 291-309.
Guo, J., Qiu, X., Salze, G. & Davis, D.A. (2019). Use of high-protein brewer’s yeast products in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Nutrition, 25(3), 680-690.
Jin, Y., Liu, F.J., Liu, Y.J., Tian, L.X. & Zhang, Z.H. (2017). Dietary tryptophan requirements of juvenile pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) reared in low-salinity water. Aquaculture International, 25(2), 955-968.
Johansson, L., Virkki, L., Anttila, H., Esselström, H., Tuomainen, P. & Sontag-Strohm, T. (2006). Hydrolysis of
ß-glucan. Food Chemistry, 97(1), 71-79.
Kai, H., Wu, W. & Chunhua, L. (2003). Requirement of essential amino acids for Penaeus vannamei. Shiuchan Xuebao, 27(5), 456-461. (in Chinese)
Lee, C. & Lee, K.J. (2018). Dietary protein requirement of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in three different growth stages. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 21, 30-35.
Lozano, N.B.S., Vidal, A.T., Martínez-Llorens, S., Mérida, S.N., Blanco, J.E., López, A.M., Torres, M.P. & Cerdá, M.J. (2007). Growth and economic profit of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) fed sunflower meal. Aquaculture, 272(1-4), 528-534.
Millamena, O.M. (1994). Review of SEAFDEC/AQD fish nutrition and feed development research. In Proceedings of the National Seminar-Workshop on Fish Nutrition and Feeds. (pp. 52-63). Iloilo, Philippines: Aquaculture Department, SEAFDEC.
Millamena, O.M., Teruel, M.N.B. & Kanazawa, A. (1996a). Methionine requirement of juvenile tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius. Aquaculture, 143(3-4), 403-410.
Millamena, O.M., Teruel, M.N.B. & Kanazawa, A. (1996b). Valine requirement of postlarval tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2(3), 129-132.
Millamena, O.M., Teruel, M.N.B., Reyes, O.S. & Kanazawa, A. (1997). Threonine requirement of juvenile marine shrimp Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture, 151(1-4), 9-14.
Millamena, O.M., Teruel, M.N.B., Reyes, O.S. & Kanazawa, A. (1998). Requirements of juvenile marine shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) for lysine and arginine. Aquaculture, 164(1-4), 95-104.
Millamena, O.M., Teruel, M.N.B., Kanazawa, A. & Teshima, S. (1999). Quantitative dietary requirements of postlarval tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, for histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and tryptophan. Aquaculture, 179(1-4), 169-179.
Naylor, R.L., Goldburg, R.J., Primavera, J.H., Kautsky, N., Beveridge, M.C.M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H. & Troell, M. (2000). Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature, 405,
1017-1024.
NRC. (1993). Nutrient Requirements of Fish. Washington DC, USA: National Academy Press.
Oliva-Teles, A. & Goncalves, P. (2001). Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast in diets for sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax juveniles. Aquaculture, 202(3-4), 269-278.
Plaipetch, P. & Yakupitiyage, A. (2012). Use of yeast-fermented canola meal to replace fishmeal in the diet of Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790). Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 3(125), 1-5.
Rajesh, G. (2014). Evaluation of Sunflower Meal and Mysid Meal as Replacements for Fishmeal in Litopenaeus vannamei Diets. Andhra Pradesh, India: Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University.
Refstie, S., Svihus, B., Shearer, K.D. & Storebakken, T. (1999). Nutrient digestibility in Atlantic salmon and broiler chickens related to viscosity and non-starch polysaccharide content in different soybean products. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 79(4), 331-345.
Rodríguez-González, H., Orduña-Rojas, J., Villalobos-Medina, J.P., García-Ulloa, M., Polanco-Torres, A., López-Álvarez, E.S., Montoya-Mejía, M. & Hernández-Llamas, A. (2014). Partial inclusion of Ulva lactuca and Gracilaria parvispora meal in balanced diets for white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Journal of Applied Phycology, 26(6), 2453-2459.
Samocha, T.M., Davis, D.A., Saoud, I.P. & Debault, K. (2004). Substitution of fish meal by co-extruded soybean and poultry by-product meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 231(1-4), 197-203.
Shiau, S.Y. & Chou, B.S. (1991). Effects of dietary protein and energy on growth performance of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon reared in seawater. Nihon-suisan-gakkai-shi, 57(12), 2271-2276.
Srichamnong, W., Ting, P., Pitchakarn, P., Nuchuchua, O. & Temviriyanukul, P. (2018). Safety assessment of Plukenetia volubilis (Inca peanut) seeds, leaves, and their products. Food Science & Nutrition, 6(4), 962-969.
Tacon, A.G.J, Webster, J.L. & Martinez, C..A. (1984). Use of solvent extracted sunflower seed meal in complete diets for fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson), Aquaculture, 43(4), 381-389.
Tacon, A.G.J. & Metian, M. (2008). Global overview on the use of fishmeal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: trends and future prospects. Aquaculture, 285(1-4), 146-158.
Thai Feed Mill Association. 2019. Monthly Raw Material Price. Retrieved May 10, 2019, from http://www.thaifeedmill.com/Price/tabid/78/Default.aspx (in Thai)
Valente, L.M.P., Gouveia, A., Rema, P., Matos, J., Gomes, E.F. & Pinto, I.S. (2006). Evaluation of three seaweeds Gracilaria bursa-pastoris, Ulva rigida and Gracilaria cornea as dietary ingredients in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aquaculture, 252(1), 85-91.
Yamada, E. & Sgarbieri, A.V.C. (2005). Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) protein concentrate: preparation, chemical composition, and nutritional and functional properties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(10), 3931-3936.
AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Gaithersburg, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
Araújo-Dairiki, T.B., Chaves, F.C.M. & Dairiki, J.K. (2018). Seeds of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis, Euphorbiaceae) as a feed ingredient for juvenile tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, and matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus (Characidae). Acta Amazonica, 48(1), 32-37.
Boonyaratpalin, M., Suraneiranat, P. & Tunpibal, T. (1998). Replacement of fishmeal with various types of soybean products in the diets for the Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. Aquaculture, 161(104), 67-78.
Briggs, M.R.P. & Funge-Smith, S.J. (2008). The potential use of Gracilaria sp. meal in diets for juvenile Penaeus monodon Fabricius. Aquaculture Research, 27(5), 345-354.
Catacutan, M.R. & Coloso, R.M. (1995). Effect of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth, survival, and body composition of juvenile Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer. Aquaculture, 131(12), 125-133.
Cheong, K.L., Qiu, H.M., Du, H., Yang, L. & Khan, B.M. (2018). Oligosaccharides derived from red seaweed: Production, properties, and potential health and cosmetic applications. Molecules, 23(10), 1-18.
Coloso, R.M., Murillo, D.P., Borlongan, I.G. & Catacutan, M.R. (1993). Requirement of juvenile seabass Lates calcarifer Bloch for tryptophan. In The VI International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding. Australia: Hobart.
Conklin, D.E. (1997). Vitamins. In L.R. D,Abramo, D.E. Conklin & D.M. Akiyama. (Eds.), Crustacean Nutrition (Advances in World Aquaculture). (pp. 123-149). Louisiana, USA: World Aquaculture Society.
Davis, D.A. & Lawrence, A.L. (1997). Minerals. In L.R. D,Abramo, D.E. Conklin & D.M. Akiyama. (Eds.), Crustacean Nutrition (Advances in World Aquaculture). (pp. 150-163). Louisiana, USA: World Aquaculture Society.
Dayal, J.S., Rajaram, V., Ambasankar, K. & Ali, S.A. (2011). Sunflower oil cake as a replacement for fish meal in feeds of Tiger Shrimp, Penaeus monodon reared in tanks and in net cages. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 40(3), 460-470.
Department of Fisheries. (2019). Standard Criteria for Aquatic Animal Feeds Registered with Department of Fisheries, Thailand. Retrieved May 10, 2019, from http://www4.fisheries.go.th/local/index.php/main/view_qr_group/82/124 (in Thai)
Duangsawasdi, M. & Somsiri, J. (1985). Water Quality and Analysis Method for Fisheries Research. Bangkok: National Inland Fisheries Institute, Department of Fisheries. (in Thai)
FAO. (1987). The Nutrition and Feeding of Farmed Fish and Shrimp - a Training Manual. Rome, Italy: Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization.
Francis, G., Makkar, H.P.S. & Becker, K. (2001). Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternative fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture, 199(3-4), 197-227.
Glencross, B. (2003). Pilot Assessment of the Potential for Canola Meal and Oil Use in Aquaculture Feeds. Western Australia, Australia: Department of Fisheries.
Glencross, B., Thierry, B. & Kaushik, S.J. (2003). Influence of oligosaccharides on the digestibility of lupin meals when fed to rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 219(1-4), 703-713.
Glencross, B. (2006). The nutritional management of barramundi, Lates calcarifer-a review. Aquaculture Nutrition, 12(4), 291-309.
Guo, J., Qiu, X., Salze, G. & Davis, D.A. (2019). Use of high-protein brewer’s yeast products in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Nutrition, 25(3), 680-690.
Jin, Y., Liu, F.J., Liu, Y.J., Tian, L.X. & Zhang, Z.H. (2017). Dietary tryptophan requirements of juvenile pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) reared in low-salinity water. Aquaculture International, 25(2), 955-968.
Johansson, L., Virkki, L., Anttila, H., Esselström, H., Tuomainen, P. & Sontag-Strohm, T. (2006). Hydrolysis of
ß-glucan. Food Chemistry, 97(1), 71-79.
Kai, H., Wu, W. & Chunhua, L. (2003). Requirement of essential amino acids for Penaeus vannamei. Shiuchan Xuebao, 27(5), 456-461. (in Chinese)
Lee, C. & Lee, K.J. (2018). Dietary protein requirement of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in three different growth stages. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 21, 30-35.
Lozano, N.B.S., Vidal, A.T., Martínez-Llorens, S., Mérida, S.N., Blanco, J.E., López, A.M., Torres, M.P. & Cerdá, M.J. (2007). Growth and economic profit of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) fed sunflower meal. Aquaculture, 272(1-4), 528-534.
Millamena, O.M. (1994). Review of SEAFDEC/AQD fish nutrition and feed development research. In Proceedings of the National Seminar-Workshop on Fish Nutrition and Feeds. (pp. 52-63). Iloilo, Philippines: Aquaculture Department, SEAFDEC.
Millamena, O.M., Teruel, M.N.B. & Kanazawa, A. (1996a). Methionine requirement of juvenile tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius. Aquaculture, 143(3-4), 403-410.
Millamena, O.M., Teruel, M.N.B. & Kanazawa, A. (1996b). Valine requirement of postlarval tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2(3), 129-132.
Millamena, O.M., Teruel, M.N.B., Reyes, O.S. & Kanazawa, A. (1997). Threonine requirement of juvenile marine shrimp Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture, 151(1-4), 9-14.
Millamena, O.M., Teruel, M.N.B., Reyes, O.S. & Kanazawa, A. (1998). Requirements of juvenile marine shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) for lysine and arginine. Aquaculture, 164(1-4), 95-104.
Millamena, O.M., Teruel, M.N.B., Kanazawa, A. & Teshima, S. (1999). Quantitative dietary requirements of postlarval tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, for histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and tryptophan. Aquaculture, 179(1-4), 169-179.
Naylor, R.L., Goldburg, R.J., Primavera, J.H., Kautsky, N., Beveridge, M.C.M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H. & Troell, M. (2000). Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature, 405,
1017-1024.
NRC. (1993). Nutrient Requirements of Fish. Washington DC, USA: National Academy Press.
Oliva-Teles, A. & Goncalves, P. (2001). Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast in diets for sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax juveniles. Aquaculture, 202(3-4), 269-278.
Plaipetch, P. & Yakupitiyage, A. (2012). Use of yeast-fermented canola meal to replace fishmeal in the diet of Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790). Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 3(125), 1-5.
Rajesh, G. (2014). Evaluation of Sunflower Meal and Mysid Meal as Replacements for Fishmeal in Litopenaeus vannamei Diets. Andhra Pradesh, India: Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University.
Refstie, S., Svihus, B., Shearer, K.D. & Storebakken, T. (1999). Nutrient digestibility in Atlantic salmon and broiler chickens related to viscosity and non-starch polysaccharide content in different soybean products. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 79(4), 331-345.
Rodríguez-González, H., Orduña-Rojas, J., Villalobos-Medina, J.P., García-Ulloa, M., Polanco-Torres, A., López-Álvarez, E.S., Montoya-Mejía, M. & Hernández-Llamas, A. (2014). Partial inclusion of Ulva lactuca and Gracilaria parvispora meal in balanced diets for white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Journal of Applied Phycology, 26(6), 2453-2459.
Samocha, T.M., Davis, D.A., Saoud, I.P. & Debault, K. (2004). Substitution of fish meal by co-extruded soybean and poultry by-product meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 231(1-4), 197-203.
Shiau, S.Y. & Chou, B.S. (1991). Effects of dietary protein and energy on growth performance of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon reared in seawater. Nihon-suisan-gakkai-shi, 57(12), 2271-2276.
Srichamnong, W., Ting, P., Pitchakarn, P., Nuchuchua, O. & Temviriyanukul, P. (2018). Safety assessment of Plukenetia volubilis (Inca peanut) seeds, leaves, and their products. Food Science & Nutrition, 6(4), 962-969.
Tacon, A.G.J, Webster, J.L. & Martinez, C..A. (1984). Use of solvent extracted sunflower seed meal in complete diets for fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson), Aquaculture, 43(4), 381-389.
Tacon, A.G.J. & Metian, M. (2008). Global overview on the use of fishmeal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: trends and future prospects. Aquaculture, 285(1-4), 146-158.
Thai Feed Mill Association. 2019. Monthly Raw Material Price. Retrieved May 10, 2019, from http://www.thaifeedmill.com/Price/tabid/78/Default.aspx (in Thai)
Valente, L.M.P., Gouveia, A., Rema, P., Matos, J., Gomes, E.F. & Pinto, I.S. (2006). Evaluation of three seaweeds Gracilaria bursa-pastoris, Ulva rigida and Gracilaria cornea as dietary ingredients in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aquaculture, 252(1), 85-91.
Yamada, E. & Sgarbieri, A.V.C. (2005). Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) protein concentrate: preparation, chemical composition, and nutritional and functional properties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(10), 3931-3936.
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