Development of Biodiesel Production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Using Esterification with Co-solvent Addition
Abstract
Development of biodiesel production using methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) as a co-solvent for the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) has been investigated. The PFAD with a high free fatty acid (FFA) was used as a potential feedstock due to it is a low price and non-edible. The effect of reaction parameters i.e. molar ratio of methanol to FFA, catalyst concentration, reaction time and amount of co-solvent on FFA conversion were studied. The results showed that 98.37% FFA conversion obtained under the condition: 7:1 molar ratio of methanol to FFA, 8 wt.% sulfuric acid, 45 min reaction time and 17.5 wt.% MTBE. Moreover, the presence of co-solvent can be improved the FFA conversion and glycerides conversion leading to increase in ester content of 4.8 wt.% when compared without co-solvent system. Keywords : biodiesel, palm fatty acid distillate, co-solvent, esterificationReferences
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Alhassan, Y., Kumar, N., Bugaje, I. M., Pali, H. S., & Kathkar, P. (2014). Co-solvents transesterification of cotton seed oil into biodiesel: Effects of reaction conditions on quality of fatty acids methyl esters. Energy Conversion and Management, 84, 640-648.
Chai, M., Tu, Q., Lu, M., & Yang, Y. J. (2014). Esterification pretreatment of free fatty acid in biodiesel production, from laboratory to industry. Fuel Processing Technology, 125, 106-113.
Chongkhong, S., Tongurai, C., & Chetpattananondh, P. (2009). Continuous esterification for biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate using economical process. Renewable Energy, 34(4), 1059-1063.
Ding, J., Xia, Z., & Lu, J. (2012). Esterification and Deacidification of a Waste Cooking Oil (TAN 68.81 mg KOH/g) for Biodiesel Production. Energies, 5(8), 2683-2691.
Fadhil, A.B., & Mohammed, H.M. (2018). Co-solvent transesterification of bitter almond oil into biodiesel: optimization of variables and characterization of biodiesel. Transport, 33(3), 686-698.
Habaki, H., Hayashi, T., & Egashira, R. (2018). Deacidification process of crude inedible plant oil by esterification for biodiesel production. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6(2), 3054-3060.
Kanjaikaew, U., Tongurai, C., Chongkhong, S., & Prasertsit, K. (2018). Two-step esterification of palm fatty acid distillate in ethyl ester production: Optimization and sensitivity analysis. Renewable Energy, 119, 336-344.
Lodcam, T. (2009). Alkali-catalyzed transesterification of waste cooking oil with cosolvent. (Master's Degree), Chulalongkorn University.
Lokman, I. M., Rashid, U., & Taufiq-Yap, Y. H. (2015). Production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated-glucose solid acid catalyst: Characterization and optimization. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 23(11), 1857-1864.
Luu, P. D., Takenaka, N., Van Luu, B., Pham, L. N., Imamura, K., & Maeda, Y. (2014). Co-solvent Method Produce Biodiesel form Waste Cooking Oil with Small Pilot Plant. Energy Procedia, 61, 2822-2832.
Miao, X., Li, R., & Yao, H. (2009). Effective acid-catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production. Energy Conversion and Management, 50(10), 2680-2684.
Mohammed-Dabo, I.A., Ahmad, M.S., Hamza, A., Muazu, K., & Aliyu, A. (2012). Cosolvent transesterification of Jatropha curcas seed oil. Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels, 3(4), 42-51.
Mongkolbovornkij, P., Champreda, V., Sutthisripok, W. & Laosiripojana, N. (2010) Esterification of industrial-grade palm fatty acid distillate over modified ZrO2 (with WO3–, SO4 –and TiO2–): Effects of co-solvent adding and water removal. Fuel Processing Technology, 91(11), 1510-1516.
Nikhom, R., & Tongurai, C. (2014). Production development of ethyl ester biodiesel from palm oil using a continuous deglycerolisation process. Fuel, 117, 926-931
Palipote, S. (2015). Effect of MTBE on Transesterification of Esterified Palm Oil. (Master's Degree), Prince of Songkla University. (in Thai)
Photaworn, S., Tongurai, C., & Kungsanunt, S. (2017). Process development of two-step esterification plus catalyst solution recycling on waste vegetable oil possessing high free fatty acid. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 118, 1-8.
Pisarello, M. L., Dalla Costa, B., Mendow, G., & Querini, C. A. (2010). Esterification with ethanol to produce biodiesel from high acidity raw materials: Kinetic studies and analysis of secondary reactions. Fuel Processing Technology, 91(9), 1005-1014.
Prasit, T., & Somnuk, K. (2017). Circulation Biodiesel Production Process from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Using Helical Static Mixer. Journal of Innovative Technology Research, 1(1), 99-108. (in Thai)
Reza Miri, S. M., Mousavi Seyedi, S. R., & Ghobadian, B. (2017). Effects of biodiesel fuel synthesized from non-edible rapeseed oil on performance and emission variables of diesel engines. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 3798-3808.
Silva, P. L., Silva, C. M., Guimarães, L., & Pliego, J. R. (2014). Acid-catalyzed transesterification and esterification in methanol: a theoretical cluster-continuum investigation of the mechanisms and free energy barriers. Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, 134(1), 1591.
Tay, B., Tay yen ping, B., & Yusof, M. (2009). Characteristics and Properties of Fatty Acid Distillates from Palm Oil. Oil Palm Bulletin, 59, 5-11.
Thanh, L.T., Okitsu, K., Sadanaga, Y., Takenaka, N., Maeda, Y., & Bandow, H. (2013). A new co-solvent method for the green production of biodiesel fuel – Optimization and practical application. Fuel, 103, 742-748.
Timyamprasert, A., Punsuvon, V., and Chunkao, K. (2013). Use of Waste Palm Oil in Wastewater Pond to Prepare Community Biodiesel. Burapha Science journal, 18(2), 215-221.
Timyamprasert, A. (2015). Optimization for Community Biodiesel Production from Waste Palm Oil via Two-Step Catalyzed Process. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering A 5, 5-6, 245-251.
Alhassan, Y., Kumar, N., Bugaje, I. M., Pali, H. S., & Kathkar, P. (2014). Co-solvents transesterification of cotton seed oil into biodiesel: Effects of reaction conditions on quality of fatty acids methyl esters. Energy Conversion and Management, 84, 640-648.
Chai, M., Tu, Q., Lu, M., & Yang, Y. J. (2014). Esterification pretreatment of free fatty acid in biodiesel production, from laboratory to industry. Fuel Processing Technology, 125, 106-113.
Chongkhong, S., Tongurai, C., & Chetpattananondh, P. (2009). Continuous esterification for biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate using economical process. Renewable Energy, 34(4), 1059-1063.
Ding, J., Xia, Z., & Lu, J. (2012). Esterification and Deacidification of a Waste Cooking Oil (TAN 68.81 mg KOH/g) for Biodiesel Production. Energies, 5(8), 2683-2691.
Fadhil, A.B., & Mohammed, H.M. (2018). Co-solvent transesterification of bitter almond oil into biodiesel: optimization of variables and characterization of biodiesel. Transport, 33(3), 686-698.
Habaki, H., Hayashi, T., & Egashira, R. (2018). Deacidification process of crude inedible plant oil by esterification for biodiesel production. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6(2), 3054-3060.
Kanjaikaew, U., Tongurai, C., Chongkhong, S., & Prasertsit, K. (2018). Two-step esterification of palm fatty acid distillate in ethyl ester production: Optimization and sensitivity analysis. Renewable Energy, 119, 336-344.
Lodcam, T. (2009). Alkali-catalyzed transesterification of waste cooking oil with cosolvent. (Master's Degree), Chulalongkorn University.
Lokman, I. M., Rashid, U., & Taufiq-Yap, Y. H. (2015). Production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated-glucose solid acid catalyst: Characterization and optimization. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 23(11), 1857-1864.
Luu, P. D., Takenaka, N., Van Luu, B., Pham, L. N., Imamura, K., & Maeda, Y. (2014). Co-solvent Method Produce Biodiesel form Waste Cooking Oil with Small Pilot Plant. Energy Procedia, 61, 2822-2832.
Miao, X., Li, R., & Yao, H. (2009). Effective acid-catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production. Energy Conversion and Management, 50(10), 2680-2684.
Mohammed-Dabo, I.A., Ahmad, M.S., Hamza, A., Muazu, K., & Aliyu, A. (2012). Cosolvent transesterification of Jatropha curcas seed oil. Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels, 3(4), 42-51.
Mongkolbovornkij, P., Champreda, V., Sutthisripok, W. & Laosiripojana, N. (2010) Esterification of industrial-grade palm fatty acid distillate over modified ZrO2 (with WO3–, SO4 –and TiO2–): Effects of co-solvent adding and water removal. Fuel Processing Technology, 91(11), 1510-1516.
Nikhom, R., & Tongurai, C. (2014). Production development of ethyl ester biodiesel from palm oil using a continuous deglycerolisation process. Fuel, 117, 926-931
Palipote, S. (2015). Effect of MTBE on Transesterification of Esterified Palm Oil. (Master's Degree), Prince of Songkla University. (in Thai)
Photaworn, S., Tongurai, C., & Kungsanunt, S. (2017). Process development of two-step esterification plus catalyst solution recycling on waste vegetable oil possessing high free fatty acid. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 118, 1-8.
Pisarello, M. L., Dalla Costa, B., Mendow, G., & Querini, C. A. (2010). Esterification with ethanol to produce biodiesel from high acidity raw materials: Kinetic studies and analysis of secondary reactions. Fuel Processing Technology, 91(9), 1005-1014.
Prasit, T., & Somnuk, K. (2017). Circulation Biodiesel Production Process from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Using Helical Static Mixer. Journal of Innovative Technology Research, 1(1), 99-108. (in Thai)
Reza Miri, S. M., Mousavi Seyedi, S. R., & Ghobadian, B. (2017). Effects of biodiesel fuel synthesized from non-edible rapeseed oil on performance and emission variables of diesel engines. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 3798-3808.
Silva, P. L., Silva, C. M., Guimarães, L., & Pliego, J. R. (2014). Acid-catalyzed transesterification and esterification in methanol: a theoretical cluster-continuum investigation of the mechanisms and free energy barriers. Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, 134(1), 1591.
Tay, B., Tay yen ping, B., & Yusof, M. (2009). Characteristics and Properties of Fatty Acid Distillates from Palm Oil. Oil Palm Bulletin, 59, 5-11.
Thanh, L.T., Okitsu, K., Sadanaga, Y., Takenaka, N., Maeda, Y., & Bandow, H. (2013). A new co-solvent method for the green production of biodiesel fuel – Optimization and practical application. Fuel, 103, 742-748.
Timyamprasert, A., Punsuvon, V., and Chunkao, K. (2013). Use of Waste Palm Oil in Wastewater Pond to Prepare Community Biodiesel. Burapha Science journal, 18(2), 215-221.
Timyamprasert, A. (2015). Optimization for Community Biodiesel Production from Waste Palm Oil via Two-Step Catalyzed Process. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering A 5, 5-6, 245-251.
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2019-05-13
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บทความวิจัยจากการประชุมวิชาการวิศวกรรมเคมีและเคมีประยุกต์ระดับนานาชาติ ครั้งที่ 8 และแห่งประเทศไทย ครั้งที่ 28
