Use of Coconut Residue and Bacillus licheniformis in Feed for Silver Barb
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of coconut residue (by-product of the coconut milk extraction) and Bacillus licheniformis on the growth and disease resistant of the silver barb (Barbodes gonionotus). The silver barbs were fed for 8 weeks with 4 formulations of experiment diet consist of control group (without supplement; diet 1), 4% (w/w) coconut residue (diet 2), 106 CFU of B. licheniformis /g diet (diet 3), and 4% (w/w) coconut residue together with 106 CFU of B. licheniformis /g diet (diet 4). It is found that the diet 2 and 4 containing the coconut residue could improve the growth of the silver barbs which are the weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) (p<0.05) while the diet formulation consists of B. licheniformis (diet 3) have no impact on the growth of the silver barbs when compared with control group (p>0.05). For hematological parameter, it is found that in the diet formulation containing B. licheniformis (diet 3 and 4) could increase the number of red blood cell (RBC) in (p<0.05). After Aeromonas hydrophila resistant test with 14 days observation period, it is found that of the diet formulation containing B. licheniformis (diet 3 and 4) could decrease the fish mortality rate when compared with diet formulation 1 and 2. In conclusion, this result indicates that the coconut residue improves the growth of silver barb while having no impact on hematological parameter, could reduce the cost in silver barb cultivation. Furthermore, the diet formulation 4 increased the growth and disease resistant of A. hydrophila. Keywords: coconut residue, silver barb, Bacillus licheniformisReferences
Adeoye, A., Yomla, R., Jaramillo-Torres, A., Rodiles, A., Merrifield, D.L. & Davies, S.J. (2016). Combined effects of exogenous enzymes and probiotic on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth, intestinal morphology and microbiome. Aquaculture, 463, 61-70.
Aderolu, A.Z. & Akinremi, O.A. (2009). Dietary effect of coconut oil and penut oil improving biochemical characteristics of Clarias gariepinus juvenile. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 9,
105-110.
Alice, H., Lichtenstein, L.J., Appel, B., Micheal, S. & Camethon, M. (2006). Diet and life style recommendations revision. Scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committe Circulation, 114, 82-96.
AOAC (Association of Official Chemists). (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. AOAC, Washington DC. pp 69-82.
Bagheri, T., Hedayati, S.A., Yavari, V., Alizade, M. & Farzanfar, A. (2008). Growth, Survival and Gut Microbial Load of Rainbow Trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) Fry Given Diet Supplemented with Probiotic during the Two Months of First Feeding. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 8, 43-48.
Conrado, S.D. (2003). Coconut oil: Atherogenic or not? What therefore causes Atherosclerosis?. Journal of cardiology, 31(3), 97-104.
Hassaan, M.S., Soltan, M.A. & Ghonemy, M.M.R. (2014). Effect of synbiotics between Bacillus licheniformis and yeast extract on growth, hematological and biochemical indices of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 40, 199-208.
Merrifield, D.L., Bradley, G., Baker, R.T.M. & Davies, S.J. (2010). Probiotic applications for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) II. Effects on growth performance, feed utilization, intestinal microbiota and related health criteria postantibiotic treatment. Aquaculture Nutrition, 16, 496-503.
Nalinanon, W. & Lerdsuwam, S. (2018). Study on the effect of coconut (by-product) meal and Acacia mangium leaf in diets on growth and carcass quality of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 46 (Supplement 1), 1026-1032.
Namputta, S. & Saipan, P. (2017). Resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). SNRU Journal of Science and Technology, 624-632.
Nor, N., Abbasiliasi, S., Marikkar, M.N., Ariff, A., Amid, M., Lamasudin, D.U., Manap, M.Y.A. & Mustafa, S. (2017) Defatted coconut residue crude polysaccharides as potential prebiotics: study of their effects on proliferation and acidifying activity of probiotics in vitro. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54(1), 164-173.
Obasi, N.A., Ukadilonu, J, Eze, E., Akubugwo, E.I. & Okorie, U.C. (2012). Proximate composition, extraction, characterization and comparative assessment of coconut (Cocos nucifera) and melon (Colocynthis citrullus) seeds and seed oils. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 15(1), 1-9.
Poopathi, S. & Archana, B. (2012). Optimization of medium composition for the production of mosquitocidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israelensis. Indian journal of experimental biology, 50(1), 65-71.
Raida, M.K. Raida, Larsen, J.L., Nielsen, M.E. & Buchmann, K. (2003). Enhanced resistance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), against Yersinia ruckeri challenge following oral administration of Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis (BioPlus 2B). Journal of Fish Diseases, 26, 495-498.
Rodjan, P., Buasang, K., Choopun, J. & Boonchana, P. (2017). The effect of increased levels of dried coconut meal supplemented with an enzyme cocktail® on diet utilization in growing pigs. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 39(1), 101-108.
Sun, Y., Yang, H., Ma, R. & Lin, W. (2010). Probiotic applications of two dominant gut Bacillus strains with antagonistic activity improved the growth performance and immune responses of grouper Epinephelus coioides. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 29, 803-809.
Selvakumar, P. & Pandey, A. (1999). Solid state fermentation for the synthesis of inulinase from Staphylococcus sp. and Kluyveromyces marxianus. Process Biochemistry, 34, 851–855.
Shena, Y., Wanga, D., Zhaoa, J. & Chen, X. (2018). Fish red blood cells express immune genes and responses. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 3, 14-21.
Solangi, A.H. & Zafar Iqbal, M. (2011). Chemical composition of meat (kernel) and nut water of major coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) cultivars at coastal area of pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43(1), 357-363.
Tesana S, Thabsripair P, Suwannatrai A, Haruay S, Piratae S, Khampoosa, P.,Thammasiri, C., Prasopdee, S., Kulsantiwong, J., Chalorkpunrut, P. & Jones, M.K. (2014). Parasite surveys and environmental management for prevention of parasitic infection in cultivated Barbonymus gonionotus (Cyprinidae) in fishponds, in an opisthorchiasis endemic area of northeast Thailand. Aquaculture, 428-429, 54-60.
Vuthiphandchai, V., Wilairattanadilok, K., Chomphuthawach, S., Sooksawat, T. & Nimrat, S. (2015). Sperm cryopreservation of silver barb (Barbodes gonionotus): cryoprotectants, cooling rate and storage time on sperm quality. Aquaculture Research, 46, 2443-51.
Zhang, C., Li, X., Xu, W., Jiang, G., Lu, K., Wang, L. & Liu, W. (2013). Combined effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide and Bacillus licheniformis on innate immunity, antioxidant capability and disease resistance of triangular bream (Megalobrama terminalis). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 35, 1380-1386.
Aderolu, A.Z. & Akinremi, O.A. (2009). Dietary effect of coconut oil and penut oil improving biochemical characteristics of Clarias gariepinus juvenile. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 9,
105-110.
Alice, H., Lichtenstein, L.J., Appel, B., Micheal, S. & Camethon, M. (2006). Diet and life style recommendations revision. Scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committe Circulation, 114, 82-96.
AOAC (Association of Official Chemists). (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. AOAC, Washington DC. pp 69-82.
Bagheri, T., Hedayati, S.A., Yavari, V., Alizade, M. & Farzanfar, A. (2008). Growth, Survival and Gut Microbial Load of Rainbow Trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) Fry Given Diet Supplemented with Probiotic during the Two Months of First Feeding. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 8, 43-48.
Conrado, S.D. (2003). Coconut oil: Atherogenic or not? What therefore causes Atherosclerosis?. Journal of cardiology, 31(3), 97-104.
Hassaan, M.S., Soltan, M.A. & Ghonemy, M.M.R. (2014). Effect of synbiotics between Bacillus licheniformis and yeast extract on growth, hematological and biochemical indices of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 40, 199-208.
Merrifield, D.L., Bradley, G., Baker, R.T.M. & Davies, S.J. (2010). Probiotic applications for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) II. Effects on growth performance, feed utilization, intestinal microbiota and related health criteria postantibiotic treatment. Aquaculture Nutrition, 16, 496-503.
Nalinanon, W. & Lerdsuwam, S. (2018). Study on the effect of coconut (by-product) meal and Acacia mangium leaf in diets on growth and carcass quality of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 46 (Supplement 1), 1026-1032.
Namputta, S. & Saipan, P. (2017). Resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). SNRU Journal of Science and Technology, 624-632.
Nor, N., Abbasiliasi, S., Marikkar, M.N., Ariff, A., Amid, M., Lamasudin, D.U., Manap, M.Y.A. & Mustafa, S. (2017) Defatted coconut residue crude polysaccharides as potential prebiotics: study of their effects on proliferation and acidifying activity of probiotics in vitro. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54(1), 164-173.
Obasi, N.A., Ukadilonu, J, Eze, E., Akubugwo, E.I. & Okorie, U.C. (2012). Proximate composition, extraction, characterization and comparative assessment of coconut (Cocos nucifera) and melon (Colocynthis citrullus) seeds and seed oils. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 15(1), 1-9.
Poopathi, S. & Archana, B. (2012). Optimization of medium composition for the production of mosquitocidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israelensis. Indian journal of experimental biology, 50(1), 65-71.
Raida, M.K. Raida, Larsen, J.L., Nielsen, M.E. & Buchmann, K. (2003). Enhanced resistance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), against Yersinia ruckeri challenge following oral administration of Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis (BioPlus 2B). Journal of Fish Diseases, 26, 495-498.
Rodjan, P., Buasang, K., Choopun, J. & Boonchana, P. (2017). The effect of increased levels of dried coconut meal supplemented with an enzyme cocktail® on diet utilization in growing pigs. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 39(1), 101-108.
Sun, Y., Yang, H., Ma, R. & Lin, W. (2010). Probiotic applications of two dominant gut Bacillus strains with antagonistic activity improved the growth performance and immune responses of grouper Epinephelus coioides. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 29, 803-809.
Selvakumar, P. & Pandey, A. (1999). Solid state fermentation for the synthesis of inulinase from Staphylococcus sp. and Kluyveromyces marxianus. Process Biochemistry, 34, 851–855.
Shena, Y., Wanga, D., Zhaoa, J. & Chen, X. (2018). Fish red blood cells express immune genes and responses. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 3, 14-21.
Solangi, A.H. & Zafar Iqbal, M. (2011). Chemical composition of meat (kernel) and nut water of major coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) cultivars at coastal area of pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43(1), 357-363.
Tesana S, Thabsripair P, Suwannatrai A, Haruay S, Piratae S, Khampoosa, P.,Thammasiri, C., Prasopdee, S., Kulsantiwong, J., Chalorkpunrut, P. & Jones, M.K. (2014). Parasite surveys and environmental management for prevention of parasitic infection in cultivated Barbonymus gonionotus (Cyprinidae) in fishponds, in an opisthorchiasis endemic area of northeast Thailand. Aquaculture, 428-429, 54-60.
Vuthiphandchai, V., Wilairattanadilok, K., Chomphuthawach, S., Sooksawat, T. & Nimrat, S. (2015). Sperm cryopreservation of silver barb (Barbodes gonionotus): cryoprotectants, cooling rate and storage time on sperm quality. Aquaculture Research, 46, 2443-51.
Zhang, C., Li, X., Xu, W., Jiang, G., Lu, K., Wang, L. & Liu, W. (2013). Combined effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide and Bacillus licheniformis on innate immunity, antioxidant capability and disease resistance of triangular bream (Megalobrama terminalis). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 35, 1380-1386.
Downloads
Published
2018-08-16
Issue
Section
Research Article
