The Study of Optimal Coagulants for Water Treatment Process of Metropolitan Waterworks Authority
Abstract
This research was conducted to investigate the optimal coagulants for water treatment process in raw water with low turbidity (10 – 30 NTU), normal turbidity (30 – 50 NTU) and high turbidity (120 – 150 NTU) using alum, polyaluminium chloride (PACl), polyaluminium chloride high basicity (PACl HB) and aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) as coagulants with jar test method. Variation of alkalinity of raw water were 10, 60 and 100 mg/L as CaCO3. It was found that all coagulants could remove turbidity from raw water below 4 NTU to meet water quality standards of Metropolitan Waterworks Authority. At 10 – 30 NTU of raw water turbidity, the optimal coagulant was 8 mg/L of polyaluminium chloride with alkalinity 100 mg/L as CaCO3. The turbidity removal efficiency was 83.02%. The cost of coagulant was 0.096 bath/cubic meter. At 30 – 50 NTU of raw water turbidity, the optimal coagulant was 6 mg/L of polyaluminium chloride high basicity with alkalinity 100 mg/L as CaCO3. The turbidity removal efficiency was 92.16%. The cost of coagulant was 0.137 bath/cubic meter. At 120 – 150 NTU of raw water turbidity, the optimal coagulant was 20 mg/L of polyaluminium chloride with alkalinity 100 mg/L as CaCO3. The turbidity removal efficiency was 97.04%. The cost of coagulant was 0.240 bath/cubic meter. Keywords : coagulant, turbidity, water treatment processReferences
Amirtharajah, A. & Mills, K.M. (1982). Rapid Mix Design for Mechanism of Alum Coagulation. American Water Works Association, 74, 210–216.
Bangkhen Water Treatment Plant. (2016). Water Quality reports. Report of the Water Quality Analysis system, Bangkhen Water Treatment Plant, Metropolitan Waterworks Authority. (in Thai)
Duan, S., Xu, H., Xiao, F., Wang, D., Ye, C., Jiao, R. & Liu, Y. (2014). Effects of Al species on coagulation efficiency, residual Al and flocproperties in surface water treatment. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 459, 14–21.
Eaton, A.D. & Franson, M.A.H. (2005) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Washington: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation.
Hongxiao, T., Feng, X. & Dongsheng, W. (2015). Speciation, stability, and coagulation mechanisms of hydroxyl aluminum clusters formed by PACl and alum: A critical review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 226, 78–85.
Jack, L., Sara, J.C. & Graeme, J.M. (2017). Effectiveness of aluminium based coagulants for pre-treatment of coal seam water. Separation and Purification Technology, 177, 207–222.
Jia, S.H., Zhun, M., Jianjun, Q., Si, H.S. & Chee-Seng, T. (2015). Inline coagulation–ultrafiltration as the pretreatment for reverse osmosis brine treatment and recovery. Desalination, 365, 242–249.
Katesarin, V. (2009). Turbidity and algae removal from water by chemical coagulation. (Master’s thesis). Chulalongkorn University, Department of Environmental Engineering. (in Thai)
Kirsten, N.E. & Gary, W.V. (2003). Effects of raw water conditions on solution-state aluminum speciation during coagulant dilution. Water Research, 37, 3341–3350.
Kunut, P. (January 4, 2017). Interview. Scientist. Water Quality Analysis Section, Bangkhen Water Treatment Plant, Metropolitan Waterworks Authority.
Masaoki, K., Yoshihiko, M., Kenta, K., Tairyo, B.I., Taku, M. & Nobutaka, S. (2013). Minimizing residual aluminum concentration in treated water by tailoring properties of polyaluminum coagulants. Water Research, 47, 2075–2084.
Metropolitan Waterworks Authority. (2017). Water Supply Information. Retrieved May 31, 2017, from https://www.mwa.co.th/ewt_news.php?nid=1913. (in Thai)
Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment. (2012). Water usage rate. Retrieved May 4, 2017, from http://local.environnet.in.th/explain_detail.php?id=161. (in Thai)
Muhummad,U., Felicity, R. & Linhua, F. (2016). Comparison of coagulation efficiency of aluminium and ferric-based coagulants as pre-treatment for UVC/H2O2 treatment of wastewater RO concentrate. Chemical Engineering Journal, 284, 841–849.
Munsin, T. (1989). Water Engineering Volume 1. Bangkok: Chulapress. (in Thai)
Ning, W., Zhongguo, Z., Dan, L., Yue, W., Jun, W. & Qunhui, W. (2014). Coagulation behavior of polyaluminum chloride: Effects of pH and coagulant dosage. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 23,
1041–1046.
Ploypailin, R. (2013). Turbidity removal by solid contact clarifier with sludge recirculation. (Master’s thesis). Chulalongkorn University, Department of Environmental Engineering. (in Thai)
Pornsak, S. (2010). Troubleshooting: Water Quality in Water Supply Systems. Retrieved May 4, 2017, from https://www.mwa.co.th/download/prd01/water_technology/pdf_water_treatment_plant/wtp_problem.pdf. (in Thai)
Sawitri, T. (2009). Turbidity removal from surface water by aluminum chlorohydrate. (Master’s thesis). Chulalongkorn University, Department of Environmental Science. (in Thai)
Tak-Hyun, K., Chulhwan, P., Eung-Bai, S. & Sangyong, K. (2003). Effects of Cl-based chemical coagulants on electrochemical oxidation of textile wastewater. Desalination, 155, 59-65.
Weiying, X., Baoyu, G., Yan, W., Qinyan, Y. & Haijing, R. (2012). Effect of second coagulant addition on coagulation efficiency, floc properties and residual Al for humic acid treatment by Al13 polymer and polyaluminum chloride (PACl).Journal of Hazardous Materials, 215–216, 129–137.
World Health Organization. (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. (4th edition). Malta: Gutenberg.
Yan, W., Bao-Yu, G., Xiu-Ming, X., Wei-Ying, X. & Gui-Ying, X. (2009). Characterization of floc size, strength and structure in various aluminum coagulants treatment. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 332, 354–359.
Yupaporn, A., Teerawan, B. & Nanthaphorn, S. (2011). Improvement of coagulation-flocculation process for water supply system of Samrong sub district administrative Organization at Samrong district, Ubon Ratchathani province. (Research report). Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University. (in Thai)
Bangkhen Water Treatment Plant. (2016). Water Quality reports. Report of the Water Quality Analysis system, Bangkhen Water Treatment Plant, Metropolitan Waterworks Authority. (in Thai)
Duan, S., Xu, H., Xiao, F., Wang, D., Ye, C., Jiao, R. & Liu, Y. (2014). Effects of Al species on coagulation efficiency, residual Al and flocproperties in surface water treatment. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 459, 14–21.
Eaton, A.D. & Franson, M.A.H. (2005) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Washington: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation.
Hongxiao, T., Feng, X. & Dongsheng, W. (2015). Speciation, stability, and coagulation mechanisms of hydroxyl aluminum clusters formed by PACl and alum: A critical review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 226, 78–85.
Jack, L., Sara, J.C. & Graeme, J.M. (2017). Effectiveness of aluminium based coagulants for pre-treatment of coal seam water. Separation and Purification Technology, 177, 207–222.
Jia, S.H., Zhun, M., Jianjun, Q., Si, H.S. & Chee-Seng, T. (2015). Inline coagulation–ultrafiltration as the pretreatment for reverse osmosis brine treatment and recovery. Desalination, 365, 242–249.
Katesarin, V. (2009). Turbidity and algae removal from water by chemical coagulation. (Master’s thesis). Chulalongkorn University, Department of Environmental Engineering. (in Thai)
Kirsten, N.E. & Gary, W.V. (2003). Effects of raw water conditions on solution-state aluminum speciation during coagulant dilution. Water Research, 37, 3341–3350.
Kunut, P. (January 4, 2017). Interview. Scientist. Water Quality Analysis Section, Bangkhen Water Treatment Plant, Metropolitan Waterworks Authority.
Masaoki, K., Yoshihiko, M., Kenta, K., Tairyo, B.I., Taku, M. & Nobutaka, S. (2013). Minimizing residual aluminum concentration in treated water by tailoring properties of polyaluminum coagulants. Water Research, 47, 2075–2084.
Metropolitan Waterworks Authority. (2017). Water Supply Information. Retrieved May 31, 2017, from https://www.mwa.co.th/ewt_news.php?nid=1913. (in Thai)
Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment. (2012). Water usage rate. Retrieved May 4, 2017, from http://local.environnet.in.th/explain_detail.php?id=161. (in Thai)
Muhummad,U., Felicity, R. & Linhua, F. (2016). Comparison of coagulation efficiency of aluminium and ferric-based coagulants as pre-treatment for UVC/H2O2 treatment of wastewater RO concentrate. Chemical Engineering Journal, 284, 841–849.
Munsin, T. (1989). Water Engineering Volume 1. Bangkok: Chulapress. (in Thai)
Ning, W., Zhongguo, Z., Dan, L., Yue, W., Jun, W. & Qunhui, W. (2014). Coagulation behavior of polyaluminum chloride: Effects of pH and coagulant dosage. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 23,
1041–1046.
Ploypailin, R. (2013). Turbidity removal by solid contact clarifier with sludge recirculation. (Master’s thesis). Chulalongkorn University, Department of Environmental Engineering. (in Thai)
Pornsak, S. (2010). Troubleshooting: Water Quality in Water Supply Systems. Retrieved May 4, 2017, from https://www.mwa.co.th/download/prd01/water_technology/pdf_water_treatment_plant/wtp_problem.pdf. (in Thai)
Sawitri, T. (2009). Turbidity removal from surface water by aluminum chlorohydrate. (Master’s thesis). Chulalongkorn University, Department of Environmental Science. (in Thai)
Tak-Hyun, K., Chulhwan, P., Eung-Bai, S. & Sangyong, K. (2003). Effects of Cl-based chemical coagulants on electrochemical oxidation of textile wastewater. Desalination, 155, 59-65.
Weiying, X., Baoyu, G., Yan, W., Qinyan, Y. & Haijing, R. (2012). Effect of second coagulant addition on coagulation efficiency, floc properties and residual Al for humic acid treatment by Al13 polymer and polyaluminum chloride (PACl).Journal of Hazardous Materials, 215–216, 129–137.
World Health Organization. (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. (4th edition). Malta: Gutenberg.
Yan, W., Bao-Yu, G., Xiu-Ming, X., Wei-Ying, X. & Gui-Ying, X. (2009). Characterization of floc size, strength and structure in various aluminum coagulants treatment. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 332, 354–359.
Yupaporn, A., Teerawan, B. & Nanthaphorn, S. (2011). Improvement of coagulation-flocculation process for water supply system of Samrong sub district administrative Organization at Samrong district, Ubon Ratchathani province. (Research report). Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University. (in Thai)
Downloads
Published
2018-01-23
Issue
Section
Research Article
